Nhoroondo kukura zvigadzirwa kombiyuta

Computers ava faniro. Ndivo pose pose: mudzimba, mafekitari, mahofisi, uye mota ... isu dzimwe nguva kunyange kufunga, kusvikira nhoroondo kukura zvigadzirwa kombiyuta iri chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda uye akapfuma munhoroondo mazuva. To musi, Kune zvizvarwa zvina makombiyuta.

chizvarwa chokutanga kwaiva kura (yakakura nemitemo nhasi) muchina. Kunze basa injiniya German Zuse (kureva, iye akasika kombiyuta wokutanga muna 1941, asi mabasa kunge akarasika), tateguru makombiyuta yanhasi iri "Mark-1" (1943). muchina uyu zvaida imba hombe uye raiva 800? km kubva netambo, vanopfuura chiuru. 3.300 Relays ukapisa nokuda kadambari mazana kilowatts dzemagetsi. Tinoshandisa makombiyuta aya Masvomhu zvechiuto.

Asi zvinokosha kuziva kuti nhoroondo yedzinza kombiyuta mitoo handina tanga "Mark I». Its kutanga musi akanyorwa muna 1946. Ipapo kombiyuta achava inobva yemagetsi Vacuum sepombi. It ane chimiro ENIAC yakadaro. Kukura zvainge seyokutanga, "Mark", asi uine kukwanisa guru (anopfuura chiuru nguva). The motokari akatendeuka kuva dzinonakidza, simba, itsva, asi dzisingashandi. Kuti aite rimwe kukarukureta inodiwa kwemaawa anoverengeka kuti aite zvimwe nokuchinja netambo. The mudziyo uri simbe, uye kukura zvemichina kombiyuta akaramba uye pfungwa itsva - "yemagetsi zvinoriumba" kuti aigona kushandisa kombiyuta. Base kombiyuta I chizvarwa zvaisanganisira capacitors, resistors uye zvemagetsi Vacuum sepombi.

History of midziyo kombiyuta wechipfuwo kugadzirwa inotanga muna 1951, nemhaka SA Lebedev. Zvakatanga pamwe SECM, rwakazokura pashure completions BESM-2. Gare gare muna muSoviet Union ndiwo kombiyuta simba zvikuru Europe yave vakasikwa zita M-20, izvo kazhinji vakabuda maitiro avo uye zvaida basa rebei mudonzvo zvemainjiniya.

Chizvarwa chechipiri makombiyuta vakatanga nokugadzirwa uye kushandiswa wokutanga transistor. Kubvira nhoroondo zvigadzirwa kombiyuta akatanga kuwana akasiyana zvachose nokukurumidza. Base kombiyuta vakava yakavakirwa semiconductor zvinhu. The transistor yakanga makumi mana nguva chokupika zvemagetsi mwenje, chiine kudhura. Yava zvichibvira kushandisa rakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi. Muna 1965, Digital Equipment Company akatanga chitsidzo (!) Computer, kukura vari zvishoma zvishoma capacious firiji. Rainzi chishamiso PDP-8 uye Takauyira 20 zviuru. Dollars.

Nepo inotakurika PDP-8, akashamisa vose nebasa rake panguva rinobva kukura rechitatu-chizvarwa makombiyuta (kuguma 1960 - 70 years). Izvi imhaka kukura uye kuidzwa rokutanga revatema redunhu (John Killebrew 1958). On the nesilicon chitete riri transistors vavo kubatana. Negoho - kubva mazana ezviuru mamiriyoni remapazi por wechipiri.

Muna 1968 bhuku wokutanga Integrated redunhu kombiyuta yacho - IBM-360. Muna 1970, Intel anotangazve ayo Integrated ndangariro matunhu. Gore negore waivako zvikamu ikawanda kanenge kaviri, asi hushande nzvimbo kana handishanduki, kana kuva duku. Izvi zvakapa mukana zvakasimbisa kukura wechina chizvarwa makombiyuta.

Muna 1970, boka Intel (Marsciano Edward Hoff) constructs rokutanga analogue CPU kombiyuta guru. Muna 1970 zvazvinoita pasero pasi zita Intel-4004. Kana kukura 3 masendimita vaifarira makombiyuta matatu "Mark II». Pokumuka microprocessors vakaenda zvakanaka nokukurumidza, izvo akabvumira kusika rinoshanda michina kadambari kuti zvaishandiswa achitaipa, kadambari uye kurerutsa ndizvidavirire. Nemhaka vanhu vakaita S. uye B. Jobs Wozniak (havaoni zviri «Apple Computer») Nhoroondo kukura zvigadzirwa kombiyuta vakatanga kutaura mano aya nyore vanoshandisa. Zvino vanhuwo kuita kuti kuchengeta nokukurumidza sei kuwedzera negoho, zvirongwa zvitsva, uye zvakawanda. Pakazopera 70-ies kupararira pachake makombiyuta akagashira kusimba yakakwirira turnover. Nemhaka kushingaira chiito uye nounyengeri zvitinakire yezvokutengeserana zvinodiwa Makambani makuru, wechiduku American Bill Geyts yakabudirira recaptures kuti kodzero Microsoft kuti kutanga software. Kumadzimai kwema uye nenguva patenting pamusoro software, kusanganisira Windows, Microsoft akaita yakawanda nguva uri mutungamiri vakaziva munyika IT ruzivo, kubvisa Arch-aikwikwidza - Apple kambani.

Rudzi rwechina iri kukura kusvikira nhasi. Nhoroondo kukura zvigadzirwa kombiyuta mberi. makombiyuta Modern akasiyana chete kuti akawanda processors rinoshandiswa kuti vaitire ruzivo.