Ndiani ane ornithologist? Chii chiri munharaunda basa? Ko sayenzi ornithology

Ornithology anomiririra mumwe mapazi zvavo zvemhuka. Ari kuna kudzidza shiri, avo taxonomy, physiology, kubereka. Tinewo kudzidza nenzvimbo kuparadzirwa uye Morphology emhuka idzi.

tsananguro

The izwi rakatangwa mukupera remakore rechi16 Italian zvakasikwa W. Aldrovani. Panouya "ornithology" muchiGiriki rinoshandurwa sezvo pakudzidza shiri (λόγος -word, dzidziso uye ὄρνιθος - shiri). Saka, zviri pachena kuti imwe yakadaro "mune imwe ornithologist." Chimwe chikuru mabasa ose mutsvakurudzi ndiko systematize mhando nhamba mhuka nzvimbo yavo kupatsanura. Zvikuru kukosha ndiyo nyaya kudzivirira zvisingawanzoitiki kwemarudzi. Panewo yoga dzakagadzirirwa - chiremba ornithologist. Basa iri rinosanganisira pakurapa Avian kwemarudzi, kusanganisira avo riri kumba kwako mukati.

tsvakurudzo zvivako

Shiri muri boka vertebrates, zai-kuisa, minhenga, inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo mhuka. forelimbs dzavo dzinoturwa muchimiro wamapapiro. The rinokosha nemamiriro muviri anobvumira mhuka kubhururuka. Zvisinei, nhasi, kune mhando dzakawanda flightless shiri. A nevamwe chinhu ndiyo kuvapo muromo reshiri. Maererano nokufungidzira kuti ornithologists nhasi kune vanopfuura 9800 eshiri. About 600 howa richiparadzirwa munyika munharaunda Russia. Nokuda shiri dzakawanda vanonzi inonyanya boka mhuka dzinovaraidza superclass. Mhuka vagere zvose makondinendi Pasi, Antarctica uyewo. The kupfuura munhu ari muduku kweshiri kuonekwa nyuchi hummingbird (saizi yaro anenge 5.7 cm). Kudeuka nhengo yekirasi ndiyo imwe Mhou African (anokura 270 cm). The tateguru Shiri ano anonzi Archeopteryx (taigara vanenge mamiriyoni 150. Makore akapfuura) uye maniraptorovye dinosaurs (anenge 80 mln. Makore akapfuura). Groups Shiri kuti ariko nhasi vari infraclass veerohvostyh. Iyewo, rakakamurwa 2 mumapoka: flightless shiri (ratites) uye dzimwe mhando (neognathae).

Brief Historical Background

Ndiani ane ornithologist? Kana murume wokutanga akatanga kuongorora shiri? Kutanga kukura nesayenzi, Aristotle akaisa. Ndiye akatanga kuronga kuti iyoyo marudzi. Aristotle vaigara IV. BC. e. Akasika mabasa "On zvikamu mhuka" uye "On zvinoitirwawo mhuka." Kushanda pamusoro pavo, mumwe musayendisiti Greek yekare akataura yoga genus shiri, richitsanangura anatomi uye upenyu 160 mhuka dzavo. Izvi kupatsanura Aristotelian akanga kure akakwana, asi haana kuchinja kusvikira muzana remakore rechi17. Chete muna 1676, Frensis Villoubi (Chirungu zvipenyu) wakasika zvinyorwa "Ornithologiae Libri kolme", yakabudiswa afa musayendisiti John Ray. Mushure anenge zana remakore, muna 1758, gore, basa Willoughby akawana kuenderera yayo yakakurumbira bhuku "Systema Naturae" Karla Linneya. zvakasikwa Swedish richiparadzirwa mhuka achitevedza hierarchical Mapato uye makaumba binomial Nomenclature pamwe mazita marudzi. Maererano kupatsanura vose shiri vakapesana muzvikwata nhanhatu, raisanganisira 554 rudzi kubva 78 genera aivapo. systematization ichi (anenge kuchinja) rakashandiswa nhasi. Linnaeus akanga yakatangawo ornitofenologii nzira kushandiswa pakudzidza shiri dzinotama. osnorvnuyu ruzivo zvose pamusoro shiri kuti nguva akapfupikisa nyanzvi uye munyori Buffon. Vanoshanda yakabudiswa mavhoriyamu gumi "History of Birds". Kubvira ipapo, zvose pamusoro shiri idzi, rinoongorora ornithologist. Ko vezvesayenzi, kuti aunganidze zvakafanira mashoko? On ichi - on.

tsvakurudzo nzira

Ndiani ornithologist nhasi? Pakutanga - ndiye mucherechedzi. Chimwe chezvinhu inokwanisika nzira kudzidza shiri marudzi, tsika dzavo uye upenyu zvavo zviri kuongororwa. Unogona kutakura kubuda pamwe chinoabatsira. Asi ave mutemo, inokosha midziyo inoshandiswa. Handiti, ndiani ane ornithologist? Uyu mufananidzo wenguva nesayenzi, kazhinji. Vaongorori vaishandisa nemavhidhiyo makamera, makamera, mabhainokura uye zvakawanda. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti akataurwa - hazvisi chete anozviita kuti nyanzvi. Nhasi chinhu chakajairika zvikuru chitandadzo. Observation kunotibatsira kutora matanho kuti ave nechokwadi kudzivirira zvisingawanzoitiki kwemarudzi. Kuwedzera kutarisana rokuongorora, shiri uyewo kuteerera. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, iyi inogona kupa ruzivo kupfuura akataurwa.

crossfeed

Chii chinoita ornithologist kuti kuronda akatama shiri? Banding - nzira ornithological tsvakurudzo - rinoshandiswa makore anopfuura zana. Yepasi shiri kupfeka rinokosha aruminiyamu kana mupurasitiki (inopenya ruvara) mhete tsoka. Dzimwe nguva pamusoro mudziyo iri Zviine Serial nhamba. banding nzira unokubvumira zvakarurama chamber yomwaka yokutama yenzira shiri marudzi, kuti dzinogarisana nomumwe chaicho nharaunda. Uyezve, shiri dzinogona kuva vatakuri zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Panyaya iyi, Tracking yenzira kushandisa banding unyanzvi ndicho chatinonyanya kukosha. Tichishandisa nzira iyi, pakati vamwe, vari akaverenga anofungidzirwa nhamba yevanhu. Basa iri munyika yose iri chikwata neInternational Committee yokuridza wayo European chikamu (Euringom), rakaumbwa muna 1962 ornithologist Echekoparom kuParis. Essential basa zvinotora Euringa kudzidza pamusoro nzira kubatanidza muunganidzwa, kubudiswa uye kuchengetera ruzivo.

The hunoshanda kukosha nesayenzi

Shiri zvokurarama nazvo, kupatsanura, kutama, kuwanda, Morphology, - mune pfupi, zvose kuti kudzidza ornithologist, ndicho chatinonyanya zvoupfumi kukosha nhasi. Nokuda kuwedzera aimhanya uye kuwedzera bhuku rwemotokari, mutakurwi motokari yawedzera zvinoshamisa uwandu kwemotokari ose ndege uye shiri. Nokufamba kukura isingagarwi mundima vanhu vakava kakawanda kuonana minhenga specimens, vakawanda vari vatakuri zvirwere ngozi semhuka purazi, uye vanhu. Uyezve, kuvhima simbi vanoda kugara kufungidzira uye kudzora kutama uye uwandu shiri.

Kukura nesayenzi

Tichidzokera mubvunzo ndiani ane ornithologist, tinogona kutaura kuti nhasi chiri chikuru nyanzvi ane basa zvinoda ruzivo kwete chete mumunda zvipenyu. Panguva ino padariro kuchengetedza uye ikoroji neshiri kunotozongoita kunosanganisira pamwe dzakawanda uye kuunza pamwe vatsvakurudzi kunyika dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, kubva 1963, gore misangano apo pane vamiriri avhiyesheni zviremera uye ornithologists. Kukura sayenzi sapakutanga, uye ikozvino, kushanda pamwe kwenyika iri rinokosha.

ornithology nhasi

Pari, pose pane kushandiswa nzvimbo kudzidzisa masangano. Uyezve, rakabudiswa anenge mazana maviri magazini vakazvipira ichangobva mberi pasango ornithology. Zvinofanira akati kuti chikamu bhuku chinokuvadzwa zvesayenzi uye vamwe - kwezvakatipoteredza uye nevakawanda hunhu. Setsika, mabhuku anobudiswa munyika, vanozivikanwa zvikuru nevanhu minhenga shiri. Saka, Somuenzaniso, anoenda «Journal mbava Ornithologie» muEngland muna 1852 yakabudiswa yokutanga «Ibis», muGermany kubva 1857, gore. In ekufambisa basa renyanzvi zvinokosha ornithological munharaunda, vakawanda vacho vanoshanda pakati rokupedzisira remakore.