Munyori girinihausi maturo. The mashandiro uye Migumisiro inokudza maturo

Modern budiriro ane pamusoro yezvakaita chakasimba. Kazhinji, kunaka. Kuparadzwa kwemasango, abudise kuti wetlands uye zvechigarire kusunungurwa mumhepo guru mari zvinokuvadza - ichi hachisi mazita yakazara "unhu" zvavanhu. Vakawanda vanodavira kuti kuita muchikwata ichi ndezvako inokudza maturo. Ko zvose here?

nhoroondo mashoko

Panzira, uyo aiva munyori inokudza maturo (kureva vaya vakaona chiitiko ichi)? Ndiani akatanga kurondedzera pamusoro muitiro uye akataura pamusoro nezvainoita kwayo zvakatipoteredza? Pfungwa yakafanana akaonekwa kure 1827. Munyori nyaya masayendisiti Zhozef Fure. Mubhuku rake rinonzi iye rinotsanangura mashandiro ari paumbwe okunze pasi redu.

The mumwechete basa iri panguva iyoyo yakanga kuti Fourier vaiona tembiricha uye okunze zvechadenga yakasiyana zvikamu the Earth. Ndizvo zvakanga munyori inokudza maturo, ndiko kekutanga akakwanisa kutsanangura zvakaitika Saussure.

chiedzwa Saussure

Kuti asimbise dzavo zvakabudiswa, masayendisiti akashandisa zvakaitika M. of Saussure, iyo anoshandisa mudziyo, akafukidzwa chin'ai kubva mukati, mutsipa iro rinosanganisira girazi. De Saussure akaisa kuedza, panguva iyo ichi- akayera tembiricha mukati nekunze mabhanga. Chokwadi, zviri nguva yakawanda zvemukati vhoriyamu. First Fourier akagona Fani iyi chiito yaisanganisa pamusoro zviviri: ichivharira nokupisa kuchinjirwa uye masvingo yakasiyana mudziyo permeability chiedza mwaranzi pamwe wavelengths zvakasiyana.

mashandiro Its iri nyore: kuti kudziyisa pamusoro tembiricha kunowedzera, chiedza zvakawanda zvinoonekwa anotanga dzakafara kupisa. Sezvo mashoko acho anonyatsorayiridzwa transmits chiedza chinooneka asi kashoma anoitisa kupisa, yokupedzisira iri vaunganidza dzomunyika Vhoriyamu mudziyo. Sezvaunogona kuona, inokudza mugumisiro mashandiro chinogona kuonekwa takarurama munhu wose anenge adzidza mureza weboka wefizikisi chesekondari. The chinoshamisa nyore, asi zvakadini nenhamo kunoita kuti redu!

The chidzoke rokuti

Zvinokosha kuziva kuti Zhozef Fure - munyori inokudza maturo tichitarisa rondedzero yaro yepakutanga mumabhuku. Asi vakauya pamwe izwi pachayo? Haiwa, tine chokwadi haazombovi mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu. In akazotevera mabhuku Fani, rakanga rakazaruka Fourier paakasvika zita rayo ano. Nhasi, zvakatikomberedza ose anoziva izwi "girinihausi maturo".

Asi chinonyanya kukosha kuwanikwa aiva kururamiswa of Fourier chaiko kuzivikanwa Earth uye mhepo zvavo rinoonekera. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuti mhepo yedu zvakakwana permeable kuti chiedza inooneka, asi iye anosuwa iye zvakaipa ari michini siyana. Kuva vaunganidza kupisa, nyika asiri anopa nayo. Ndizvo zvakanga munyori inokudza maturo. Asi nei paine izvi?

Hongu, tine akarondedzera chinyakare mashandiro ayo chitarisiko, asi sayenzi yemazuva akagona kuratidza kuti chaiye ezvinhu ari vaIri mwaranzi kuchiri vakasununguka zvachose ingangowedzera mhiri yemapuraneti mhepo. Sei kuti zvepanyama zvigadziriswe ari "kudziyisa mwaka" kuchinja vari kukundikana?

zvikonzero

Kazhinji, tine inovarondedzera zvizere pakutanga chaipo ino. The kwaita Fani iyi anosimudzirwa zvinhu zvinotevera:

• Permanent uye kunyanya pomoto Tourism.
• Nyika muchadenga kuwedzera uwandu maindasitiri magasi kuuya ose gore.
• Masango vari kuramba vari kutema, nzvimbo yavo yaitwa nokuda moto uye ivhu kudzikisirana.
• Anaerobic kugaya, methane choutsi kubva penyanza pasi.

Unofanira kuziva kuti huru "honzeri", iro chirwise mashandiro ari girinihausi maturo, vari zvinotevera magasi shanu:

• Divalent carbon monoxide, aizivikanwawo carbon dioxide. Greenhouse maturo ne50% anopiwa wayo mari.
• Carbon yeimwe ose kuiisa chlorine uye fluorine (25%).
• Nitrogen yakasviba (8%). Chepfu gasi, nezvaiitwa dongo havaratidzi akashongedzerwa zvemakemikari uye metallurgia maindasitiri.
• Ground-pamwero ozone (7%). Pasinei rayo rinokosha muchinangwa pakudzivirira nyika pamusoro kunyanyisa UV nemwaranzi anogona kugarwa kusungwa nokupisa yawo pamusoro.
• Inenge 10% kubva methane.

Apo magasi aya mumhepo kuitei? Chii zvazvinoita?

- Carbon dioxide. It akawanda mumhepo, kana vanhu nokupisa Tourism. Ingangoita-chetatu charo zvakawandisa (pamusoro dzinongoitika) sandara nokuda ndechokuti munhu vachishingaira achiparadza masango. The rakafanana rinoitwa uye kuramba kuwedzera basa masango rakaorera nyika.

Izvi zvose zvinoreva zvinoderedza uwandu zvinomera zvinobudirira kunogona rishandise carbon dioxide, izvo muzvinhu zvakawanda kunoita inokudza maturo. Zvinokonzera Migumisiro Fani iyi vari interconnected: bhuku rimwe nerimwe vabudiswa mumhepo divalent kabhoni oxide inokura anenge 0.5%, izvo zvinosimudzira zvose mberi kuunganidza zvakawandisa kupisa uye kudzikisirana pezvakaitwa zvinomera panyika.

- Chlorofluorocarbons. Sezvatakamboreva kare vakati, yeimwe kugovera 25% of girinihausi maturo. Zvinokonzera Migumisiro Fani iyi vari kudzidza kwenguva yakati. Mumhepo zvinokonzerwa maindasitiri kugadzirwa, kunyanya usingachashandi. Ngozi uye chepfu refrigerants ane zvinhu izvi zvikuru kwazvo, uye matanho kudzivirira leakage kwavo pachena kwete kupa kutarisirwa mugumisiro. Migumisiro chitarisiko chavo zvakatowanda inotyisa:

• Chekutanga, vari chaizvo zvinokuvadza vanhu nemhuka, uye nokuda nemiti munharaunda pamwe fluorine uye kuiisa chlorine haisi zvakare kubatsira.
• Chechipiri, izvi zvinhu zvinogona yekudyidzana mhanyisa inokudza maturo.
• Chechitatu, vanoparadza pasi ozone layer iyo inodzivirira nyika kubva hasha ultraviolet nemwaranzi.

- methane. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha magasi, yakakwirira kuwanda izvo zviri muchadenga kunosanganisira rokuti "girinihausi maturo". Unofanira kuziva kuti mune chete makore zana apfuura inzwi rayo riri nyika muchadenga kaviri. Pfungwa dzakawanda kwayo uremu kunobva zvachose dzinongoitika zvinyorwa:

• Rice Minda muAsia.
• Livestock zvivako.
• Domestic tsvina mvura kurapwa ezvinhu nemisha makuru.
• Kana kuora uye manyowa pane makemikari nyaya pakadzika anezvimiti, landfills.

Pane uchapupu hwokuti yakawanda pakati methane choutsi zvinobva rakadzika munyanza. Zvichida Fani iyi imhaka rinokosha basa guru mapoka utachiona icho methane ndiyo huru nokuda-zvinobva muviri.

Zvakakosha kusimbisa "mupiro" kuti kukura inokudza zvainoita chikamu veoiri: yakawanda negasi akasunungura mumhepo ave ne-chigadzirwa. Uyezve, nokusingaperi kuwedzera mafuta firimu pamusoro pegungwa kunoitawo kuti nokukurumidza manyowa pamusoro makemikari nyaya, icho pamwe akabuda methane.

- Nitric oxide. The guru Vhoriyamu mifananidzo akawanda namakemikari maindasitiri. Hazvina ngozi kwete chete kupfuura basa mubasa mashandiro ari girinihausi. Chokwadi, kuti kana pamwe mumhepo mvura, mashoko aya anoumba nitric asidhi aripo, kunyange pasi kuwanda. Hazvina kubva pano kutanga zvose zvinovava mvura, izvo zvikuru inokanganisa utano hwevanhu.

Yokungotaura uchibuda kwazara perturbations

Saka chii vari munyika yose migumisiro inokudza maturo? Zvakaoma kutaura kuti chokwadi, nokuti masayendisiti vachiri kure pachena mhedziso. Pari zvino pane pezviitiko dzakawanda. Kutanga mhando kombiyuta kufungawo dzakawanda dzakasiyana zvinhu zvinogona rikurumidze kana kunetesa girinihausi maturo. Ngatimboonai kuti catalysts ino muitiro:

• Voga kuti magasi pamusoro apa muzvigadzirwa nokuda kwebasa kwevanhu.
• Choutsi pamusoro CO ₂ nokuda chafariz manyowa dzinongoitika Mahydrocarbon. Zvinofadza kuziva kuti goko yedu rine carbon dioxide inobvisa munguva 50,000 kupfuura ari mumhepo. Chokwadi, ndizvo mishonga akasungwa carbon monoxide.
• Sezvo huru nemigumisiro inokudza maturo - kuwedzera mvura tembiricha uye mhepo pamusoro pechiso kunosimudzirwa kwemvura ine mwando pachiso yamakungwa uye nyanza. Somugumisiro, kunyange kupfuura kushata mumhepo permeability kune michini nemwaranzi.
• Mumakungwa rine anenge 140 tiririyoni matani carbon dioxide, iyo kana tembiricha mvura anotanga nokukurumidza kutiza kupinda mumhepo, pave inokudza zvikuru simba muitiro.
• Kuwa reflectivity yepasi, zvichitungamirira nokukurumidza kuunganidza kudziyisa ayo chadenga. Izvi akwanise nokuda kunyunguduka mazitombo echando uye masango.

Zvii kungatadzisa kukura inokudza maturo?

Zvinofungirwa kuti inokosha kudziya uno - Gulf Stream - inongogara kuderera. Mune ramangwana, zvichaita kukonzera kuchikosha ichidonhedzera tembiricha kuti zvichaita sipidhi kuunganidza girinihausi gasi maturo. Kuwedzera pamusoro dhigirii nechimwe kwepasi mukuru dzinenge 0.5% nzvimbo kunowedzera gore pamusoro yose nzvimbo yepasi chinowedzera chinokosha zvinoderedza chitsama kupisa kuti nyika anogamuchira kubva nzvimbo.

Cherechedza: musimboti inokudza nezvinozoitika kusimudza zvinonyatsorehwa tembiricha Nyika pevhu. Chokwadi, hapana chakanaka pamusoro pazvo, asi zvakanga izvi kazhinji pave uye kuderedza zvinokonzerwa chiitiko ichi. In musimboti, ndokusaka vasayendisiti vakawanda uye vanofunga kuti nyaya kupisa pachayo iri semhosva yakakura zvakakwana dzinongoitika chakajairika kuti nhoroondo yose Earth kwakaitika nguva dzose.

The kumusoro ari volatility, dzakanga anova kunonaya. Izvi zvinokonzera zvose kupora anezvimiti uye nokukurumidza kukura kasvisto, riri basa marara yebongozozo, carbon dioxide mumhepo panyika. Zvinonzi zvakare kutarisirwa kuti yakawanda kunonaya mune ramangwana achabatsira kuti chinokosha rokuwedzera nzvimbo shoma Tropical yamakungwa.

Korari kuti kurarama nazvo, zvinokosha tsvina pakupisa carbon dioxide. Sezvo mishonga akasungwa, ndiko kuvaka marangwanda avo. Pakupedzisira, kana zvishoma vanhu kuderedza mwero kwemiti, nzvimbo yavo zvakanaka nokukurumidza yakadzorerwa, sezvo ndiro kabhoni dioxide rakanakisisa rinodhaka kugoverwa zvinomera. Saka chii vari taisireva nokuda inokudza maturo?

zviitiko Key ramangwana yedu

Muchiitiko chokutanga, vatsvakurudzi vanotaura kuti kudziya kwepasi chichava kunonoka. Uye kubva pfungwa iyi maonero ane vatsigiri vakawanda. Vanodavira kuti mumakungwa, inova hofori simba accumulator, kwenguva refu achakwanisa rwezvinhu zvakawandisa kupisa. Zvingatora anopfuura rimwe chemakore pamberi nyika okunze zvichachinja chaizvoizvo zvikuru.

Boka remasayendisiti rechipiri, Ukuwo, anofarira pazera nokukurumidza chisarudzo nemafashamo kuchinja. dambudziko iri girinihausi kushanda pari nevakawanda zvikuru, izvozvo inokurukurwa anenge ose guruundano nesayenzi. Zvinosuruvarisa, uchapupu dzidziso iyi kwakakwana. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakore zana apfuura, wevasungwa kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa yakawedzera zvishoma nokuda 20-24% uye huwandu methane mumhepo uye anoita yakawedzera 100%. In chinonyanya tariro kuitika riri kuonekwa kuti tembiricha iri nyika pakazopera ichi remakore anozobata kuti rekodhi 6,4 ° C.

Saka pane izvi, inokudza maturo mumhepo kungomununura zvinouraya dambudziko vagari vose kumahombekombe nzvimbo.

The unopinza kuwedzera wegungwa

Chokwadi kuti vakadaro tembiricha anomalies vari hwakazara zvikuru unopinza uye akapotsa nezvimwewo kuwedzera munyika yose pegungwa. Saka, kubva 1995 kusvika 2005. nhamba yakanga 4 cm kunyange zvazvo masayendisiti kukwikwidzirana akataura kuti munhu haafaniri kutarisira hwokukurira peya imwe masendimita. Kana zvose unorambira chete kumhanya, pakazopera remakore rechi21 rose wegungwa achava kanenge 88-100 masendimita yakawanda yemazuva mitemo. Zvichakadaro, vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 100 pasi redu kurarama panguva kumativi 87-88 masendimita pamusoro pegungwa.

Kuderedza reflectivity pakati pemvura nyika

Kana isu akanyora pamusoro chii inokudza zvazviri, nyaya kakawanda kutaurwa kuti kunomutsa mamwe rutapudzo ari reflectivity pakati penyika Earth Ichibatsirwa kwemiti uye masango.

vaongorori vakawanda vanoti chando chivharo pamusoro matanda anogona kuderedza zvinonyatsorehwa tembiricha kuti nyika dzinenge mbiri madhigirii, uye chando anofukidza yose polar mvura kuchititadzisa chirongwa ejection zvakasimba mumhepo, carbon dioxide inobvisa uye methane. Uyezve, munzvimbo yacho polar echando nguwani kazhinji vane mvura mhute kuti kunomutsa zvikuru munyika yose girinihausi maturo.

Zvose izvi ndizvo huchachinja yose mvura izonaya kuti dutu kakawanda, monstrous aro rinoparadza madutu uye washington achawanda kakawanda, zvichiita kutonetsa kuti vanhu vanogara kunyange munzvimbo idzi dziri kure chaizvo kubva kumiganhu nyanza saizvozvo. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti mvura kutapurirana kuchaita kuti nevakomana chaiyo. Nhasi, kusanaya kwemvura chinetso 10% yepasi, uye mune ramangwana nhamba kunzvimbo dzakadaro zvingangodaro kusimuka pakarepo kuna 35-40%. Zvinosuruvarisa tarisiro yevanhu.

Nokuti nyika yedu, kuti for muchiitiko ichi, apo nani.. Climatologists vanodavira kuti chikamu chikuru wenharaunda Russia achava zvikuru dzakakodzerana dzose kurima, okunze achava munhu munyoro kwazvo. Zvechokwadi, vakawanda romumhenderekedzo yegungwa munzvimbo (uye tine mazhinji) nyore kukangaidza.

The Muchiitiko wechitatu achipfeka kuti pfupi kuwedzera kupisa zvichachinja kutonhora yose. Tatotaura pamusoro tava kuderera of Gulf Stream, migumisiro yacho. Fungidzira kuti zviri kwoushamwari kuti rurege zvakakwana ... Ichokwadi pamberi zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa firimu "zvakusweramangwana", haingasviki, asi nyika zvirokwazvo kuva kutonhora zvikuru zvichaita. Kwete kwenguva refu, zvisinei.

Vamwe mathematicians vanoomerera dzidziso (simulated Chokwadi) kuti inokudza sei Earth kuchatungamirira chokwadi kuti makore 20-30 okunze muEurope haana kuva inodziya kupfuura munyika yedu. Vanoitawo vanoti nokudziya kuchapfuurira pashure paizvozvo, kuti manyorero iyo inorondedzerwa rechipiri musimboti.

mhedziso

Chero zvakanga, asi mune zvakanaka Zvaifungidzirwa nesayenzi havasi vazhinji kudaro. Mumwe anogona chete tariro kuti pasi redu ndiro zvikuru kunzwisisa uye yakagozha mashandiro kupfuura isu fungidzira. Zvichida yezvinongoerekana migumisiro yakadaro inogona kudziviswa.