Mukanyiwa of Nyuturoni, hwepurotoni, Erekitironi - kuti zvakafanana?

Sezvo zvinoitika chete kusangana isingazivikanwi chinhu, saka hapana chokwadi mercantile-enyika mubvunzo - uye zvakadini izvozvo anoyera. Asi kana iri zvisingazivikanwe - chinhu zvokutanga PARTICIPLE, zvino chii? Uye hapana, mubvunzo unoramba uripo: chii mukanyiwa yacho PARTICIPLE. Kana munhu tichiita pasingaverengwi mari chakakonzerwa namaneja vanhu kugutsa kuda kuziva kwake kudzidza zvakawanda chaizvo kuyera negurumwandira zvokutanga nezvimedu, ipapo isu vaizoziva kuti, Somuenzaniso, Nyuturoni gobvu iri makirogiramu pamwe mukare uwandu zeros mushure grade pfungwa, mutengo vanhu anodhura kupfuura zvinodhura kuvakwa pamwe chete nenhamba zeros pamberi grade pfungwa.

Zvakatanga zvakareruka: murabhoritari inotungamirwa J. Dzh.Tomsonom muna 1897 dzakaitisa kudzidza cathode mwaranzi .. Zvakaguma akanga akatsunga ne zvakasikwa kuramba zvakasikwa - nhamba yacho Erekitironi gobvu kubhadharisa reshiyo. Asati Pakusarudza mukanyiwa ane Erekitironi rinenge pano - kusarudza ayo mutariri. Pashure pemakore 12, Robert Millikan akakwanisa kuzviita. Iye vaedza pakunyanya yemagetsi mumunda mumate mafuta, uye akakwanisa kwete chete yokufudza kurema kukosha dzesango, asiwo kuti zvakafanira kuyerwa uye zvikuru mutete. mugumisiro dzavo - kuti nhamba kukosha mukanyiwa of Erekitironi:

ini = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Panguva ino, uye zvidzidzo yechivako chacho ari mabhomba musimboti, iyo yave piyona Ernest Rutherford. Ndiye, vakatarira kuputsanya mhosva nezvimedu, akaita aronga muenzaniso atomu pamwe rokunze Erekitironi goko uye zvakanaka musimboti. The PARTICIPLE, izvo zviri yemapuraneti mabhomba womuenzaniso kwave aronga basa neerekitironi nyore atomu bombardment inotengwa panguva senitrogen nokuyerera yeAlpha-ray. Iri raiva pakutanga renyukireya akanzwirwa murabhoritari - ayo mugumisiro akawana kubva senitrogen uye okisijeni nuclei ramangwana rehydrogen maatomu, protons izvi. Zvisinei, Alpha mwaranzi ine inoramba iri kuwedzera protons maviri ane mbiri okuwedzera Nyuturoni yakaoma. Nyuturoni gobvu anenge akaenzana vazhinji Purotoni uye zvachose kurema Alpha-PARTICIPLE hwakasimba inotengwa zvikuru kuti aparadze chinoumba uye pakaunda kuti chip kure "chidimbu", uye zvakaitika.

Yerera protons zvakanaka vakatsauka nokuda wemagetsi munda, compensating Kutsauka wayo kukonzerwa negiravhiti. In kuedza izvi kuona mukanyiwa hwepurotoni hakuna kuoma. Asi chinonyanya kunakidza waiva mubvunzo wakadii ukama vari vakawanda hwepurotoni uye Erekitironi. Chirahwe akanga pakarepo chakagadziriswa: Purotoni gobvu akapfuudza gobvu pamusoro Erekitironi zvishoma kupfuura 1836 nguva.

Saka, pakutanga, atomu muenzaniso Vanzveri Rutherford sezvo Erekitironi-hwepurotoni yakatarwa pamwe chete nenhamba protons uye maerekitironi. Zvisinei, pasina nguva refu Zvakazoitika kuti muenzaniso chikuru yenyukireya haritsananguri zvakazara ose vaichengeta migumisiro pamusoro aiita kuti zvokutanga inoramba. Chete muna 1932, Dzheyms Chedvik akasimbisa pfungwa yakawedzerwa inoramba iri musimboti. Vakadaidzwa neutrons, protons, kwazvakarerekera, kubva vakanga vasina mhosva. Hazvina chokwadi ichi kunokonzera zvakawanda rakapinza yavo - usapedza simba yavo ionization colliding maatomu. Nyuturoni gobvu chete zvishoma kupfuura Purotoni gobvu - dzinokwana anenge 2,6 Erekitironi makore zvakawanda.

Makemikari zvivako zviri zvinhu uye yeimwe izvo inoumbwa maatomu akafanana izvi, pakutsvaga nokuwanda protons vari mwoyo weatomu. Nokufamba kwenguva, mashoko kunosimbiswazve kutora chikamu kwe Purotoni iri simba uye nevamwe unokosha mukukurukurirana: remagetsi, rinokweva uye simba. Saka, pasinei nokuti nokubatira Nyuturoni is, pamwe simba Purotoni Nyuturoni mukukurukurirana runoonekwa sechinhu chepuraimari PARTICIPLE nucleon akasiyana quantum inoti. Chikamu zvakafanana. kwemaitiro nezvimedu izvi imhaka yokuti mukanyiwa yacho Nyuturoni iri zviduku zvakasiyana kubva guru Purotoni. hwepurotoni Kugadzikana kunoita kushandisa pre-kuwedzera kune yakakwirira aimhanya, sezvo bombarding inoramba kuti zvenyukireya siyana.