Muitisi munzvimbo electrostatic mumunda. Conductors, semiconductors, dielectrics

A fuma kuva akasununguka PARTICIPLE pamwe nokuchengeta richipfuura muviri zvinoitwa wemagetsi munda zvakarongeka, inonzi kondakita nenzira electrostatic mumunda. A PARTICIPLE akasununguka kufona mhosva. Dielectrics, Ukuwo, regai kuva navo. Conductors uye insulators vari akasiyana hunhu uye zvivako.

kondakita

The electrostatic munda conductors - nesimbi, alkaline, acidic uye sesaline zvinogadzirisa, uye ari ionized magasi. The vakasununguka mutariri vatakuri mu nesimbi - akasununguka maerekitironi.

At chionekeso mune yunifomu yemagetsi munda, sezvamakaropafadzwa nesimbi - conductors pasina muripo, kuchaita mugwara chakatarisana vektori kumunda voltage. Kuunganidza rimwe divi, vanhu maerekitironi achaunza akaipa mutariri uye rimwe divi ravo kukwana chitsama achaita chitarisiko zvakanyanya akanaka vebasa. Zvakaratidza kuti zvaipomerwa chikamu. Uncompensated mhosva siyana inomuka pasi pokudzora ane kwokunze munda. Nokudaro, vari anonyengetedzwa, uye muitisi ari electrostatic kusango mhosva anoramba.

uncompensated mhosva

Electrifying, kana mhosva dziri redistributed pakati nhengo dzomuviri, anonzi electrostatic induction. Uncompensated mhosva yemagetsi vanoumba muviri, dzomunyika uye kwokunze kukakavadzana rwakatarisana mumwe. Vakaparadzana uye -wedzera pakatarisana panhivi muitisi, womukati munda simba inowedzerawo. Somugumisiro, zvinova razero. Ipapo mhosva dziri pakati nepakati.

Saka uncompensated nokuchengeta zvose zviri panze. Izvi unoshandiswa kunotora electrostatic kuchengetedzwa, chengetedza icho pasimba yeminda. Ivo inoiswa grid kana makateyiwa simbi dzimba.

dielectrics

Zvinhu pasina pachena zvemagetsi vaichengeta mureza ezvinhu (i.e., apo tembiricha haisi kukwirira uye pasi) vanonzi insulators. The inoramba iri iyi haigoni kufamba nomuviri uye vari haachatauri chete zvishoma. Naizvozvo, yemagetsi mhosva zvinesungano.

Dielectrics vakakamurwa muzvikwata zvichienderana samolecular marongerwo. The mamorekuru pamusoro dielectrics muboka rokutanga vari asymmetrical. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvatinosiita mvura uye nitrobenzene, uye doro. Dzavo mhosva akanaka uye kunaka regai -enderana. Vanoita sezvo dzemagetsi dipoles. mamorekuru akadaro vanoonekwa polar. zvemagetsi nguva yavo iri finite chaiko ezvinhu zvose zvakasiyana.

Boka rechipiri ine dielectrics, vane mamorekuru vane zvakafanana, ichibata yakarongeka. Izvi Paraffin, okisijeni, senitrogen. Positive uye kunaka mhosva vane zvakafanana zvaanoreva. Kana pasina kwokunze yemagetsi munda, uye yemagetsi dipole nguva kuri vasipo. Izvi non-polar mamorekuru.

Kusiyana mhosva vari mamorekuru ari kwokunze munda kunge zvaizopedza nzvimbo zvainanga kwakasiyana-siyana. Ivo tinoshandurirwa dipoles uye kuwana mumwe yemagetsi nguva.

Dielectrics dzeboka rechitatu vane sekristaro nemamiriro ions.

Sezvineiwo, zviri haazvibati wakafanana dipole zvine kwokunze homogeneous munda (nokuti morekuru zvinosanganisira nonpolar uye polar dielectrics).

Chero nokuchengeta dipole akapa simba, imwe neimwe ine mumwe chete module, asi zvakasiyana mirayiridzo (zvakasiyana). Kuvakwa mauto maviri ane torque pasi zvinoitwa dipole iyo uderedze kutendeuka kuti mirayiridzo vectors rienderane. Somugumisiro, izvozvo anogamuchira kwokunze munda.

The non-polar dielectric kwokunze yemagetsi munda haamo. Naizvozvo, morekuru isina dzemagetsi nguva. The polar dielectric chafariz inofamba achiumbwa rakati nyangarara. Nokuda kwaizvozvi nguva yemagetsi vane nzira dzakasiyana, uye avo vector makuru - razero. Kureva insulator ane yemagetsi nguva.

Dielectric mune yunifomu yemagetsi munda

Dielectric kuisa yunifomu yemagetsi munda. We nechekare kuti dipoles - mamorekuru ndiyo polar neasiri polar dielectrics, izvo tinotungamirirwa, zvichienderana kwokunze munda. vectors dzavo unosimbiswa. Zvino Verengai vectors haisi razero, uye insulator aine yemagetsi nguva. Inside nayo, pane zvose zvakanaka uye kunaka dzavakange vzaimokompensirumy uye vari pedyo nepedyo. Naizvozvo, insulator uye asingagamuchiri mhosva.

Kurwisana hukawanika vane uncompensated polarization kupomera kuti vakaenzana, ndiro dielectric ndiyo inobudisa.

Kana iwe tora munhu Ionic insulator uye ukaiswa muimba yemagetsi munda sekristaro yekamuri pamusoro ions, zviri misha zvishoma. Somugumisiro, mumwe dielectric Ionic kugamuchira yemagetsi nguva.

The polarization mhosva kuumba yemagetsi munda wayo rine pakatarisana kutungamirira kunze. Naizvozvo electrostatic munda uyo kunotangira mhosva muNzvimbo insulator vakawana idukusa mu vacuüm it.

kondakita

A mufananidzo akasiyana achiumbwa pamwe conductors. Kana yemagetsi conductors kuwedzera electrostatic kusango, pane kuchimuka yepamusoro uno, sezvo kuita pamusoro vakasununguka mhosva Magetsi achabatsirawo kuti chimiro inofamba. Asi aizivikanwawo vose murayiro thermodynamic irreversibility, kana chero pamwero mukuru mutoo mune namahwindo ino uye sangano vanofanira pedzisire, uye equilibrate mugadziriro.

Muimbisi munzvimbo electrostatic mumunda - ndiwo muviri simbi, uko maerekitironi vanotanga kufamba pamusoro simba mitsetse uye akatanga kuunganidza kuruboshwe. Muimbisi zvakanaka kurasikirwa maerekitironi uye kugamuchira mhosva akanaka. In kuparadzana kupomerwa achaita wana zvayo yemagetsi munda. Izvi zvinonzi electrostatic induction.

Inside muitisi ari electrostatic munda simba riri razero, kuti zviri nyore kuratidza vachifambira negotsi.

Features mufambiro vebasa

Mhosva vaunganidza pamusoro kondakita pamusoro. Uyezve, zvinofungidzirwa zvakaparadzira kuitira kuti basa arambe achirema rinonyatsotarira pemvura curvature. Pano zvichava kupfuura mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Conductors uye semiconductors vane curvature pamusoro kupfuura rikwanise angled micheto uye woita. Pane ari vakacherechedzawo hombe mutariri arambe achirema. Pamwe kwayo richikura uye kuwedzera kusawirirana ikoko. Naizvozvo, izvi zvinoumba simba yemagetsi munda. Rinooneka Corona nokuchengeta, nokuda iyo anodirana kupomerwa kubva kondakita.

Kana tikatarisa muitisi iri electrostatic mumunda, iyo akabvisa menzvimbo, tigokuzivisai mhango. Kubva ichi hapana zvichachinja, nekuti munda yakanga isiri, uye haazombodaro. Zvechokwadi, muna mhango hazvisi nokuda tsananguro.

mhedziso

Taiongorora conductors uye dielectrics. Zvino unogona kunzwisisa kusiyana kwavo uye zvinoitwa vanoratidza unhu mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Saka, havana kuzvibata kwazvo zvakasiyana yunifomu yemagetsi munda.