Modernism mu akitekicha. Okuruka akitekicha. Modern okuruka mapurani

Modernism mu akitekicha uye uri dzimwe nguva kuvhiringidzwa modernity. zvisizvo akadaro zvinonzwisisika, sezvo rinobva zvatinosiita pfungwa: cognates anoratidzei pamusoro chete chinhu, asi muzvinhu tsika zvakasiyana. Nouveau - izwi inorondedzera nhoroondo nguva iri akapoteredza mifananidzo, nepo modernism - ronga nhungamiro, iyo inozivikanwa asina kudaro chaiyo zvinhu, somunhu waiver ruzivo uye nyaya yapfuura makore.

Rinogona uye unofanira kuonekwa kwete chete somunhu mapurani, asiwo kare chinoshamisa. Kazhinji, yaiva litmus bvunzo kuti vakaitei zvose zvakaitika kwete chete munyika uye vamwevo, asiwo mupfungwa vanhu. Modernism - Style maonero upenyu, chiratidzo tariro nguva.

Where?

izwi roga zvinobva rokuItari, apo shoko modernismo rakashandurwa se "ano yose." Kazhinji, mitauro mupfungwa iyi, zvinoshamisa vakabatana - ane zvakafanana rinoreva, uye French shoko moderni, uye Chirungu - ano.

VeMubatanidzwa modernism yakanga kukonzerwa nechido kutamira qualitatively kuvandudza upenyu zvose kuonekwa. Remakore itsva uye michina mitsva ndakasika munhu chitendero sayenzi kwayo hypertrophied chimiro, izvo zvinogona yakabva chete "hyperboloid kuti Engineer Garin". Vagari Europe iri 20-ies ose XX remakore zvasiya nhaka kare uye zvinoshamisa achiudza kuti maitiro mapurani.

Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika, kukura modernism akagashira chaizvo somugumisiro nokumukirana, zvose yezvematongetwo uyewo vanhu pfungwa. Uyezve, imwe itsva kuitika aiva maitiro kuti nekumwisa pathos, ndezvechinyakare uye affectedness, vakanga kuri mumashoko chete Victorian manyorerwo. Tiwedzere kukura simbi rwokugadzira zvinhu izvo kushandisa pakusika zvinhu, kare dzisingambosvikiki nokuda primitiveness iri kugadzirwa kwacho.

kutanga

Pfungwa modernism pakutanga wakaradzikwa pakati rokupedzisira remakore. Muitiro kuva zvakaoma zvikuru: nayo kwaienderana muduku zvinhu, vaiita kure mapurani. Iyi pakataurwa kuwedzera munhau kuvandudzika indasitiri. Vanhu vazhinji vakaenda kushanda mumaguta makuru nokuda mutsika dzimba itsva vakava vagari iri diki, pakarepo akavaka zvivako zvitsva umo Apartments dzakarendwa vatsva. Shongedza kuvaka kwokunyepedzera aesthetics runoratidzwa monograms, hapana kukurumidza, achisarudza kutsungirira austerity. Nemamwe mashoko, mavakirwo yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19 akatevera chete kubatsira.

Basic zvinodavirwa muchitendero modernism

Little zvinhu unogona kutarira kwenguva inopfuura refu, saka ratidza pfungwa dzinokosha.

• Modern akitekicha vakasikwa zvikuru mufashoni, zvemberi zvokushandisa uye kuvakwa akasiyana noshamisa, non-mureza fomu. ngaararame chimurenga kwemaindasitiri! Buildings yakavakwa kubva girazi, simbi uye kongiri. Nokuda kuti mabhizimisi akawanda kugadzira chaiwo chidhinha, vaiziva zvishoma pamusoro Hardware, vazhinji vavo vakaenda kusauka, asingakwanisi kubatana wave itsva.
• Organization womukati nzvimbo iri nezvatinovavarira zvikurukuru pamusoro functionality. Rationality akaisa nechemberi, kusiyana yokutanga yezana XIX remakore. Buildings vanhu, kwete vanhu kuti zvivako - zvose pasi nyore kwevanhu, aspirant munguva dzazvino.
• Complete renunciation kuti decoration zvinhu zvakafanana nezvinhu takambosangana. Kazhinji, pfungwa "embellishment" akatumwa pasi sevasingakoshi kwenguva itsva, vakarumbidza yakaoma utsanana.
• Kushaya National kutsvetera kwakunoitwa chaiyo rokuvaka chivako kana kugadzirwa kwayo, ramangwana ndomumwe vose.

panotangira

Modernism mu akitekicha rwunoonekwa kwakafanana modernity, asi hazvisi zvechokwadi kana chete nemhaka yokuti nguva akasiya, chando ari eighties remakore rapfuura. Muchiitiko chino, ichi Muitiro haisi rose - nokuda kwayo subjectivity uye siyana nayo akasika dzakawanda mapazi, dzakasiyana pachavo.

• Yepanyama akitekicha. Zvikasadaro, inonzi Organic. Kubva zita pacharo zviri pachena chii chinangwa ichi muitiro Zvisinei, une yayo "asi." Vatsigiri zviri kuisa pamwoyo dzinongoitika, zvinyoronyoro siyana kuri mumashoko zvinhu zvenyika, pamwe zvakashandiswa rokuvaka hakusi kungogumira "namabwe namatanda." The chikuru ndechokuti mari njodzi, zvinoumba - iri zvoutachiona uye nzvimbo - chaivo.
• Bauhaus. Functionality zvayo yakachena chimiro. Gaudily-akaberekera building, kusava rakazara decoration okunze, mubatanidzwa zvimunakire uye utility zvakafanana runako.
• Art deco. Kudzidza modernism nhungamiro zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ichi ndicho chinonyanya wakajeka, kupfuura kuoma. Style anoridza pamusoro Kusiyana Bauhaus, inobva chisinganyari geometry, eclecticism, yakaoma kakawanda (mukana mumwe uye nokuda zvaidiwa nguva uye nzvimbo), chakasimba mhando uye isingadzorwi nehavi muumbozha sezviri boldest zvokuvakisa dzenzou kuti mupurwa.
• Brutalism. Ataurwa rakaoma unyanzvi, hapana mishonga yacho pamusoro mamiriro. Sezvinongoitawo apo zita zvakazara unoratidza musimboti.
• Internationalism. The chikuru Pfungwa ndiyo kurambwa nhaka chero tsika.
• Rationalism uye Constructivism. zvitaera Key mu mavakirwo Soviet Union, zvakawanda pamusoro avo pazasi.

Materials uye mienzaniso

Style modernism mu mapurani vakatanga kuva pasi pokudzora kuvandudzwa anogadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvinhu ruzivo. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo iyi inotumidzwa kuberekwa wayo murimi Zhozefu Mone, akasika zvakasimbisa kongiri. Sezvineiwo chii tine nayo netsaona: zvakanzi pakutanga aronga chete kuita kuti mudziyo chirimwa, izvo zvaizoita agutse zvaaida zvose.

Zvakagadzirwa kuti dzakavakwa kubva kongiri ichi, kusiyaniswa kumboitika hanya, mumwe vangatoti, nenyama pamusoro vasava dzose kura hurongwa.

Iye wakatanga kuwana kushanda mu maindasitiri pakuvaka (kwete zvakaipa nokuda zvinhu kuti pakutanga aifanira kuva tabhu, hazvisi here?), Uye ipapo ndanogara nokure kuvakwa zvivako dzinogarwa. Nokuda kwaizvozvi raivapo zvinoshamisa kuti nguva, mabasa mapurani, zvinoshamisa vaoni wayo dzose.

Nenyama uye nani simba zvakasimbisa kongiri modernism. Style pamusoro mavakirwo kubva iyoyo ikava munyika: nayo akabvumira kuvaka pindana platforms pazviteshi, zvivako pamwe hunoshamisa zvaiva pakukura uye zvakawanda. Zvinofanira kutaurwa somuenzaniso Crystal Palace muLondon, kuBrooklyn Bridge uye, chokwadi, Dancing House muPrague. Hezvinoi zvakakodzera kutaura ariega.

tichaita kutamba?

Murwiyo ine zvikamu zviviri muchimiro sepombi - mumwe wavo aita chaiwo manyorerwo, uye wechipiri - iri dzinoparadza. Dancing imba inonzi nekuti chimiro nayo kwayo chakafanana nokutamba mukadzi - dimikira ane nhete muchiuno uye ruchiyerera siketi anosika fungidziro kufamba. Hatigoni kutaura kuti chivako chacho chiri kwakapesana zvikuru dzenhoroondo nezvivakwa kuti mumire parutivi.

The Soviet Union

Modernism mu akitekicha haana kupfuura uye nyika yedu. Izvi zvinoratidzwa zvakajeka zvikuru pachake ari maviri remakore rapfuura, chinoratidzwa zvataurwa rationalism uye constructivism. Ngatikurukurei chimwe nechimwe chazvo.

rationalism

Izwi iri rakashandurwa kubva muchiLatin rinoreva "hunonzwisisa", uye ndizvozvo. Chitarisiko chake chakanga anokonzerwa chete michina mberi. Aesthetic zvinodiwa vanhu vakachinja, uye kuRussia - Monogram akapa nzira muchidimbu, mumwe akatakura yakananga basa. Zhinji muchadenga, nyore, kushanda, muchirwira Mhedziso, kwete "runako nokuda runako kwezita." Modernism remakore rechi20 vaishandisa dzimwe nzira simba pamusoro omumwe wacho. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ichi ndicho chete kupfuura "mhenyu" pane ake mutsivi constructivism: rationalism akaedza kupa zvivako ane mvere, unofadza kuona mitsetse uye zvitarisiko.

Chero chiri kazhinji akasungirirwa unhu, kwete vakapfuura mukombe uyu uye ichi manyorero. Pfungwa inspirer uye mutungamiriri nemiitiro aiva mapurani uye mudzidzisi Nicholas Ladovsky. Kunyange tsanangudzo yake mapurani yakanga yakazara basa hwose; akanyora kuti mavakirwo unoshanda chete nzvimbo uye nzvimbo ndiyo musimboti zvose taida kutaura vateveri rationalism. Panguva iyoyowo zviitiko makore akapfuura vasina kuramba, uye kubvuma uye muitiro maererano nepfungwa. kutungamirira Iri danho rinokosha nokuumbwa chifananidzo itsva mapurani Soviet, pasinei nokuti zvakanga zvisinganyanyi yakakurumbira kupfuura constructivism, riri kupisa pazvitsitsinho ake.

constructionism

Izvi magadzirirwo Zviitiko yaisimbisa modernism remakore rechi20 kubva nhamba. Izvi zviri kuitika inogona kunzi apotheosis kuti kushanda uye noungwaru zvigadzirwa.

Vateveri constructivism, kusafanana pfungwa, kunyanya akasimbisa functionality chacho, apo vachiregeredza zvivanakire vanhu. Zvakanga yakatsaurirwa kuna huru chinangwa vasinganyatsooni mberi pfungwa. Dzepamutemo vekare vachinyanya ndokuramba kusika chinhu chitsva, zvikuru akasiyana.

In tsika, izvi zvaita aiva nomukurumbira Tauriranai-dzimba (zvakafanana "zvaiita"), iro rishaye mukana oga: duku makamuri, vaiita bhati pamwe kugeza, vaiita kicheni. Zvose zviri pasi zvachose pfungwa uye mitemo. Zvose zvakanga zvakanaka papepa, asi vasiri kushanda muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kana tikatora zvavo, manyorero Russian mavakirwo iyoyo aiva mumwe chinangwa - nekukurumidza kuti vanozopinda ramangwana, kuti kurasikirwa namaketani pamakore kare kurega kunotanga uye pamwe danho ose kushanda ano, kupindirana dzakachena pemitsara.

modernity

To musi, hapana mufashoni kuroorwa mhanya, kuti kushandiswa pakuvaka zvivako. Kukwira madiro kubvumirwa zvorudzi zvose zvakakomba - zvino munhu wose ari kuvaka sezvo anoona. Zvisinei, emarudzi ose richiri zvinogoneka kusiyanisa zvinotevera ano mapurani zvekunyanyisa:

• Hi-Tech - imwe ode kuti zvekushandisa mberi, zvinoshingaira kushorwa Akasununguka.
• Bio-Tech - imwe ode nechisikirwo, zvakapesana ndima yokutanga: inoyerera dzinongoitika mitsetse, simulation mupenyu muviri.
• Postmodernism - imwe ode kuti munhau uye eclectic quirkiness nezvimiro, dana modernism pakubwinya kwayo zvose.
• Kitsch - imwe ode kuti kupenga uye kunaka. Zvokufananidzira, riite mashoko. Aesthetics hakukoshi, chinhu chikuru - kukandira kuomera vanhu uye kumira kubva muchaunga.

mugumisiro

Modernism mu akitekicha yave aneta pacharo makore 80-fung remakore rechimakumi maviri. Chokwadi, zvivako zvakavakwa maererano canons ayo, achiri kushanda zvinobudirira, asi hapana chitsva yakavakwa. Pasinei nokuti makore kukurumbira shure, haagoni kurerutswa modernism - nayo idanho rinokosha kune kukura mavakirwo zvavo.