Soviet mapurani: tsananguro, nhoroondo uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Kuvakwa kwenzanga itsva inofanira mumatauriro mutsika munyika vakawanda uye mavakirwo zvikuru. akitekicha Soviet rabva kuburikidza wandei zvokukura kukura, iye aiziva nemateru nezvisingafadzi, asi chero zvakadaro zvazova chiitiko iri yose mapurani. Munguva USSR, pakanga ezvivako wandei inonyanya sandara, uye nhasi rakakura post-Soviet nzvimbo, unogona kuona ounyanzvi wandei munyika yose. We tsanangura sei vakashanduka werudzii mapurani Soviet, uye sei yava vakashanduka.

Features uye mabasa ose mapurani Soviet

Pashure October Revolution ose 1917, hurumende itsva ari kushingaira atanga kuchinja munyaya zvose zvoupenyu. Kwekanguva zvose hazvina kusvika mavakirwo, asi pasina nguva zvakava pachena kuti iye, zvakare, anofanira kuita chinhu Pfungwa chinosara sezvo vose art. Mumakore 20 asati ezvivako havana kuisa zvakananga basa wezvamatongerwe nzvimbo itsva, asi creators pachavo vakanzwa zvakasimbisisa kuti yakanga yava nguva yokuti zvitsva siyana uye akatanga kutsvaka mashoko nemazano shanduko. Asi pashure akitekicha Soviet akasikirwa kushumira pfungwa gutsaruzhinji. Ndimi zvose zviri muSoviet Union akanga kuratidza chete nzira kwakarurama kukura - munhu mugovanisi. Izvi zvakaita kuti huru zviri mapurani Soviet, iro nguva dzose aifanira kuva kunyanya pfungwa, asi rokupedzisira - yakanaka. Kana pakutanga, kuti creators akakwanisa chokubatanidza vachiri nyasha pfungwa runako uye zvishoma nezvishoma akapa nzira kuna aesthetics ari utilitarian, uye izvi zvakaita kuti kuderera zvingakwanisa mapurani kukuru.

nhoroondo gadzira

Kukura mapurani Soviet yapfuura nzendo dzakawanda. Mabviro Fani iyi chokuita munguva 20 - pakutanga 30s, kana paine kushingaira kutsvaka zvitsva siyana, reinvents mashoko chaiwo nenyanzvi mapurani. Panguva ino vakaumba mirayiridzo miviri inokosha chains-garde mapurani Soviet: constructivism uye rationalism. Panoperera pakati 30s zvinova pachena kuti chains-garde haisi munzira kuenda Soviet Pfungwa tsika. Rwunotanga kuumba mapurani itsva, iyo ndehwokuti vanopemberera ukuru nebudiriro mugovanisi pfungwa. Implementation pfungwa kwenguva chaitadzisa Second World War, pashure iyo mutsva nguva iri mapurani. Rinobatanidzwa kwete kudzorerwa maguta, asiwo nokuumba nzvimbo itsva kuti vaizotsigira munhu pfungwa yokudada munyika yavo. Zviri pamusoro tichishandisa ichi Pfungwa chakaumbwa Stalin kuti umambo, pamwe propensity yayo akamboona. Kutanga 60s yakawedzera dambudziko yokugara mapurani. Vanhu vaigara subhuman ezvinhu, uye izvi zvisingagoni zvakabatanidzwa post-hondo pedutu. Zvakakodzera kugadzirisa dambudziko vakawanda redzimba kuvakwa. dambudziko iri rakanga kugadziriswa maximizing isingadhuri zvirongwa. Yaiva njodzi nokuda mapurani yeSoviet. izvo akasarudza nzira kukura yakanakisisa uye vakatevera French zvavo mhando dzichipfekeka okuvaka.

All okusika kuedza ezvivako vakaziva kunyanyisa uye hunokuvadza. Chii chakaita kuti creators tichiita "pepa mapurani", kureva. E. To kusika zvirongwa pasina tariro inoshamisa. Munguva 80s, Soviet ezvivako acutely kuziva Kusaona dambudziko. Panguva ino, zvakanga hunodzorwa hwokufananidzira, faceless chirongwa. Architecture kushandurwa kubva unyanzvi kuti nyore mufanidzo unyanzvi. Iye zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kubuda kubva dambudziko kusvikira pakuguma 90s, asi kuti ndiye post-Soviet kumwedzi.

Soviet chains-garde

Panoperera ari Civil War, paiva mubvunzo pamusoro pokudzorerwa Moscow. By nguva ino nyika mapurani kwakasimbiswa mirayiridzo matsva maviri: constructivism uye rationalism. Vakanga zvakasikwa kunoshamisa ezvivako kuti yakabuda mukati kuRussia uye European tsika, asi vakaona kudiwa pave mapurani idzva kuti aizosangana zvitsva chaizvo. Ukuwo creators vaifadzwa pfungwa pakusika nzanga itsva uye paumbwe itsva, zvinopindirana munhu.

Constructivists vanotungamirirwa nomudzimu Vesnin hama, Konstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg aidavira kuti Kuronga chivakwa vanofanira kusangana mashandiro. Vakaramba nhoroondo chamazuva, chikuru basa akapa nyore kugadzira ine zvishoma yokushongedzwa. Pamusana navo Soviet chains-garde mapurani kunowedzerwa ne zvivako dzakadai rwakapoteredza imba K. Melnikov muMoscow, pakuvaka pepanhau "Izvestia", paMuzinda Culture žil, uye vamwe vakawanda. The mirayiridzo yakanga chaizvo zvakanaka nokugamuchirwa ezvivako uye awo vaiva Leningrad, Kharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. Mumaguta akawanda yaimbova USSR uye nhasi tinogona kuyemura constructivist muzvivako.

Wechipiri chains-garde nhungamiro, rationalism, akatungamirirwa N. Ladovsky uye B. Krinsky, akapiwa Implementation duku pane constructivism. Anonyanyowanika aona mubasa rokuvaka nezvenhoroondo zvepfungwa kuti maonero murume. Mukutanga 30-ies zviri chains-garde yave kuzivikanwa ideologically mutorwa kuti unyanzvi Soviet uye nokukurumidza havasisipo. Papera rationalism akanga "rehabilitated" uye pfungwa dzake dzakanga zvinowanzoshandiswa mavakirwo ari 60s.

Architecture 30-40s

Pakati pezana remakore 30s mapurani Soviet iri kupinda itsva munguva. The simba idzva dzinokura kudiwa muhombe rokuvakazve dzinogarwa uye voruzhinji, zvivako, kuvakwa itsva mhando zvivako, akadai nzvimbo kuti zvokurima kuratidza. Nechemberi zvetsika nzira uye nzira. At musoro traditionalist mapurani inowana rakaisvonaka chikoro yekare Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist maonero avo, iye odzokera National tsika rudo yembiru, pilasters, namaberere, etc. Panguva iyi, zvikuru kutungamirirwa constructivism, asi yakatenuka Classics kuri zvakanyatsojeka. Pamberi Second World War munyika, kunyanya muMoscow, pane kuvaka tiguu. Enea kuonekwa yakaoma, State Library. Lenin, akavaka wandei kuMoscow pevhu. In Kharkov, akamisira Ensemble Dzerzhinsky Square. In Yerevan, pane House Government. Pamepu iri USSR, guta idzva, iro anoronga embody pfungwa mavakirwo itsva. Ndivo Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Magnitogorsk, Khabarovsk. Hondo isati yatanga, vanenge mamiriyoni 170 dzakavakwa munyika pachivara. mamita pokugara. Zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba mutsva, Imperial werudzii Soviet Union.

Stalin kuti umambo

Pashure peHondo Yenyika II nhoroondo mapurani Soviet akapinda Danho idzva. Zvakatora yakawanda zvinhu kuvakazve aparadzwe mumisha. Pakati pezana remakore 40s muSoviet Union akaumba chechipiri pashure constructivism "muchizvikudza kwazvo" mune mapurani - Stalin kuti umambo. Iye aibatanidza akawanda mirayiridzo: Classicism, Baroque, Art deco Empire. Rakanga dzinoratidzwa kukura, zvokushamisira, UKURU. Buildings mumagadzirirwo ichi akagadzirirwa kuratidzira rapanzvimbo kukunda yeSoviet uye kubudirira. Chiratidzo zvidavado ichi akazivikanwa Moscow "skyscraper": Moscow State University, hotera "Ukraine", Ministry of Foreign Affairs uye nevamwe. Stalin kwakaita umambo akava chikuru manyorerwo kwemakore 150, hazvina akachinja chiso nyika. Paitonga Stalin akitekicha akazviratidza muna zvinenge maguta ose enyika.

Misa chokugara akitekicha

Mugore yepashure pehondo iri rikwanise dambudziko redzimba. Asi makore 50 utungamiri yayo vasingagoni kusarudza, saka zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti adzorere kugadzirwa kwezvivako. Asi 60s kumbosendeka chisarudzo basa iri zvakanga zvisingabviri. Just panguva ino yakaguma nenguva Stalin uye Khrushchev akadana vaifanira kuderedza mutengo yokugara kuvakwa. Iyewo akatanga kurwisa "eChechi mifananidzo", muenzaniso yave yakarumbidza kutora French kumativi functionalism. Saka pakanga yakakurumbira Cheryomushki, sezvo muenzaniso itsva mhenyu ezvinhu. Mune wokutanga kota taiva vaizovengwa evanhu kwezvivako uye dzimba vanofanira kupa risingamboshandisi nzvimbo pa mugari.

Architecture 60-80s

Kubvira mukupera 60-ies anotanga hombe aibuda-mutsetse kuvakwa mureza dzimba. Mumaguta ose nemisha Soviet Union pane dzimba kubva revatema kongiri mashoko. Construction ndiko kutsanya, vanhu vanowana nemafurati. Asi kushandisa shoko "mapurani" chivako panonetsa, sezvo imba yakanga featureless zvachose uye yunifomu. Saka mavakirwo Soviet muruwa vomureza magadzirirwo guta ripi rakanga rakaita pizi maviri ari pod rakafanana nemamwe yawo. Ndizvo nezvazvo ndokuseka firimu Director Eldar Ryazanov mu firimu "ndyaringo wematambudziko." Hombe okuvaka uye pakurwisa mapurani extravagances zvakatungamirira pakuti 80 fung gore Chiitiko pakati mapurani eSoviet ikava chinhu. Chokwadi, paiva creators uye dzimba vakakodzera kufarirwa, asi kunopindirana mapurani yaiva yakadzika dambudziko. Sezvineiwo, mupenyu mapurani okugadzira zvinhu apo kutamira kubva misoro enyika uye Federal Republic.

"Paper" mapurani

Munguva 80s, kana mukuru mavakirwo Soviet nguva kupinda dambudziko, pane ichi chinoshamisa kujairika. Young ezvivako panguva iyoyo vaisagona kuverenga kwete chete pamusoro Implementation pfungwa dzavo, asi kunyange pakuziva kwavo. Saka, havana akasika chirongwa mupepa, kazhinji akavatuma zvakasiyana yokumwe makwikwi uye kuhwina mibayiro. Munzvimbo iyi vanova chizvarwa yose ezvivako zvakanaka. Ko havaoni zviri kufamba A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, Mikhail Belov, Yu AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. The ezvivako yakatanga yavo werudzii kuratidza pfungwa. Sezvo vaiva nechivimbo chokuti mapurojekiti chisingazobudiswi akaziva, ivo nezvezvakanaka kutarisana mharidzo yacho pfungwa. Vazhinji ezvivako izvi vakafuridzirwa pfungwa kare, kunyange zvinowanzokonzera futuristic mazano.

The yakanakisisa ezvivako of USSR

akitekicha Soviet rokutanga hafu nhoroondo yacho yakatanga anoonga okugadzira zvinhu pamusoro ezvivako akadzidza uye kuumba kunyange wavarindi nguva. Kamwe chizvarwa ichi yaenda, kunouya pfupi akadzikama. Asi nokukurumidza inokura boka itsva ezvivako avo vanouya pfungwa itsva uye matambudziko matsva. Vamwe akanakisisa ezvivako of USSR nyanzvi vanoti K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. constructivists izvi vanoumba vainyatsofarira wenyika yedu yose mapurani. Zviri pakati zvakanakisisa mudzimba mapurani vari N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, Vesnin hama, Alexander Krasovsky. nomupiro Great kuti paumbwe chifananidzo maguta akawanda Soviet vane I. Zholtovsky, VN Semenov, AN Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. In nguva Soviet, hatina vakaumba Mugadziri ane mukana zvokuchinja nzvimbo post-Soviet pashure kugadzirisa. Pakati pavo zvakakodzera kutaura Utkin, A. Brodsky, Yuri Grigoryan.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Soviet-munguva mapurani izere kunonakidza zvinhu uye mashoko. Saka, vakakomba imba K. Melnikov ndomumwe chakanakisisa munyika Constructivist sezvivako. Mutsindo pose mapurani Le Korbyuze akashanyira Moscow katatu, kuti afuridzire pfungwa itsva. Munguva 30s mukuru chirongwa mapurani eSoviet akasikwa - paMuzinda vokuSoviet, ane kureba kwaiva kuva makubhiti 400, 100 uriri. Kuti dzika nayo, yakanga Varidza chakaiswa Kristu Muponesi Cathedral, asi akaona kuti zano haana.