Mhedziso razero tembiricha - samolecular kufamba kugumiswa pfungwa

Shoko rokuti "tembiricha" akazviratidza panguva yefizikisi vaifunga kuti inodziya miviri akaumbwa chaiwo fuma - caloric - zvakafanana muviri, asi chando. Uye tembiricha aiitirwa sezvo kukosha chaienzanirana uwandu caloric pamuviri. Sezvo tembiricha upi mitumbi kunoyerwa pamwero. Asi chokwadi chiri nechiyero kinetic simba kutamira mamorekuru, uye, pamusoro maererano ichi, tinofanira kuyerwa mu joules, maererano SI dzakabatana.

Shoko rokuti "mhedziso razero tembiricha" rinobva mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics. Sezvazvakanyorwamo kupisa kuchinja kubva inotonhorera kupisa muviri hazviiti. Pfungwa iyi wakatangwa kuBritain yefizikisi William Thomson. Kwaari kubudirira mune wefizikisi, Mambokadzi England akapiwa imwe knighthood "Ishe" uye rokuti "Baron Kelvin." Muna 1848 g. Thomson (Ishe Kelvin) zvinganaka kushandisa tembiricha scale, umo pokutangira akagamuchira Mhedziso razero tembiricha chaienzanirana chando muganhu uye chikero kupesana akatora Celsius. The chairema Kelvin tembiricha iri 1/27316 chikamu nekatatu pfungwa mvura (anenge 0 cant. C), i.e. tembiricha panguva iyo mvura yakachena inochengeterwa kamwe muna matatu siyana: chando, mvura uye chiutsi. Mhedziso razero tembiricha - ndiro shoma zvichibvira yepasisa tembiricha panguva iyo samolecular inofamba anomiswa uye fuma yose vasingachakwanisi dzokubvisa chafariz simba. Kubvira ipapo, kutambudzwa tembiricha kwakakwana ainzi zita rake.

The tembiricha kunoyerwa pamusoro zvakasiyana pachiyero

The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa tembiricha chikero inonzi "Celsius akamboona." It inovakwa zviviri dzinokosha Pasika kuchinja tembiricha iri mvura ichipinda hwemvura uye mvura chando. A. Celsius muna 1742, zvinganaka chinhambwe pakati bhuku pfungwa rakakamurwa 100 zvikamu, uye kubika pfungwa mvura sokugamuchira zero, uye nechando pfungwa rworwendo 100. Asi Swede Linnaeus zvinganaka kuita zvakapesana. Sezvo mvura yaita chando pa Zero Celsius AA. Kunyange zvazvo chaiwo Celsius kunofanira kubika. Mhedziso razero Celsius anoenderana kubvisa 273,16 Celsius.

Kune akawanda tembiricha chikero: kuchipfuura, Reaumur, Rankine, Newton, Roemer. Vane zvakasiyana bhuku pfungwa uye mutengo weboka. Somuenzaniso kukwira mapuranga Reaumur iri kuvakwa pamusoro kubika uye nechando achitandadza mvura, asi ine mapoka 80. Kuchipfuura scale, yakabuda 1724, kushandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva chete dzimwe nyika, incl USA ..; bhuku pfungwa: mumwe - musanganiswa tembiricha echando mvura - amoniya uye mumwe - womunhu muviri. The chikero rakakamurwa kuva mumwe zana graduations. Zero anoenderana 32 Celsius ° C. Translation ° C anogona kuitwa maererano nzira: F = 1,8 C + 32. Reverse Translation: C = (F - 32) / 1,8, apo: F - ° C, C - madhigirii chilis. Kana iwe uri simbe kuverenga, uende paIndaneti basa rokushandura Celsius kuenda kuchipfuura. Mumamiriro puranga, kutaipa uwandu Celsius, achizviendesa "Change" bhatani, kusarudza "kuchipfuura" uye muchisviniro "Start". The mugumisiro vachaonekwa pakarepo.

Rankine chikero zita mu kukudzwa Chirungu (kana panzvimbo wokuScotland) yefizikisi William J .. Rankin, uyo akararama panguva imwe chete Calvin, uye mumwe havaoni kuti Technical wethermodynamics. In kwayo chikero nhatu dzinokosha: pakutanga - Mhedziso razero nechando pfungwa mvura 491,67 madhigirii Rankine uye kufashaira mvura 671,67 inegumi. Kuwanda mumapoka pakati kuoma nechando mvura yaro Kubika uye muna Rankin, uye ndiyo 180 kuchipfuura.

Most pachikero aya chete wefizikisi. Uye 40% pane mumazuva iwayo vadzidzi American akapedza zvidzidzo akati havazivi chii nemhedziso razero tembiricha.