Reference pfungwa - chii? Ndezvipi bhuku pfungwa pakuvaka, panenge pachivakwa, zvebhizimisi kana sayenzi?

Dzimwe nguva, pfungwa yesayenzi kana zvimwe zvinoshandiswa munzvimbo dzisina chokuita chepakutanga. Izvi zvakaitika kuna geodesic rokuti "bhuku pfungwa." By tsanangudzo, ari geodesic puranga - chiratidzo kana chiratidzo dzakabatanidzwa imwe pfungwa pamusoro pepasi. Coordinates uye kukwirira nzvimbo iyi vari dzaona panyaya chokururamisa nacho kuzivikanwa uye akagamuchira kukosha.

Rakaparadza dzakakwirira maitiro

In Russia uye dzimwe nyika dzaiumba USSR, ane razero mucherechedzo kuti bhuku pamusoro pamwero ichaongororwa ari Kronstadt vavimbezve geji. minda All anozivikanwa pamusoro mepu idzi geodetic mavanga dzaona pamusoro wokurera muna 1977, kuBaltic ezvinhu dzakakwirira. KuFar East, mashoko Masvomhu dzinoitwa panzvimbo dzakakwirira Okhotsk hurongwa. Kururama kwayo tichishandisa Yulni idukusa chimwe mita.

Dipstick - mumwe pani chete mumapoka kuziva mvura pamwero murwizi kana zvimwe muviri mvura. Dzimwe nguva akagadzawo zvachose dipstick sezvo bhuku pfungwa uye bhuku pfungwa iri panenge pachivakwa, masayendisiti anoshandiswa vachicherechedza ari pamwero mvura mumakungwa, kufamba nyika idzodzo pamwe hunyambiri pamusoro.

About Kronstadt kumiswa geji uye kuziva pamwero wegungwa

Pakutanga, kuchinja zviri pamwero Gulf mvura yakakwirira yakaratidzwa chinjikira notches pamasvingo migero nemidziyo, kukiya hukawanika. Kana muna 1777 muna Kronstadt zvakanzi hwakaronga basa rinokosha, richiona kwemvura akatakurirwa Zvinhu geji mucherechedzo pasi yokunzvenga Canal.

Long-izwi (kubvira 1731), uye nguva dzose manotsi, kuchengeta nokufamba mvura kwevari Gulf Finland vakabatwa hydrographer M. F. Reyneke muna 1840 pamusoro kukarukureta dzavo avhareji kuverenga pabwe nechigadziko rimwe mabhiriji pamusoro yokunzvenga chiteshi mifananidzo chinjikira mutsetse. Mashoma emakore izvi pamwero Consolidated simbi yairema ane chinjikira chiratidzo, kushanda coinciding pamwe razero inotaridza udzamu geji.

Tama pegungwa panyika

On huru padanho chinoratidza kwave unozununguswa munoenzanisa pechiteshi mutsetse "St. Petersburg - oranienbaumin" uye "akasungwa" pefiyumu bhaudhi imwe zvivako pamusoro kuBaltic Station. Hazvina bhaudhi ichi kubvira 1892 kwave rakakura bhenji chiratidzo vose chokururamisa nacho kuyerwa munyika.

Muna 1946, rakabatana gadziriro Coordonatele uye altitudes wakatangwa muSoviet Union. Munguva kutanga pamwero Gungwa reBaltic vakatsiva aine chiratidzo chaienzanirana razero pamusoro Kronstadt vavimbezve geji. Ndiyo kuzvidzora bhuku pfungwa munoenzanisa hurongwa ehurumende. Kubva nguva kuti mhedziso razero dzaiitisa Masvomhu dzakakwirira uye pakadzika vose mumhuri machati uye chaienda mirayiridzo, tsunga muchadenga kuti chitundumusere-musere kushandiswa.

Siyana mapuranga ari Geodesy

Reference pfungwa pasi runotaurwa nokuda kuvakwa muchimiro Cairns, namapuranga kana simbi sepombi. Zvichienderana chikumbiro, pane mhando anoverengeka mapuranga:

• Emakore-kare richiparadzirwa maererano inokosha zano munyika. Vari akagadzawo maererano nemirayiridzo iri kupiwa nenzvimbo nzvimbo. Ivo anoshandiswa zvikurukuru zvinangwa yesayenzi.
• Chinokosha akashongedzerwa munoenzanisa mitsetse vose mukirasi yokutanga (pakati zvenyika) uye zvikuru anokonzera mitsetse mukirasi yechipiri. Daro pakati pfungwa - kubva 50 kusvika 80. Ivo akarara bedzi pasi ari muchimiro nekongiri mbiru uye pylons. Sezvo chinokosha datum inogona kushandiswa chete mune zvimwe zviitiko, zviri kuisa pedo vanhuwo puranga-yakarurama Satellite pamwe Kutamiswa mashoko. Rinoshandiswa mutsigiri mukuru nokuputsa 3 uye 4 makirasi.
• Vanhuwo benchmarks vari parusvingo, dombo uye pasi. Kutsigiswa ari chinhambwe pakati 3.5 uye 7 km kubva umwe, zviratidzo izvi zvinogona pamusoro zvose nokuputsa pemitsara.

Ezvinhu interconnected dzinokosha uye zvakajairika bhuku pfungwa nokuumba GHS - State geodesic Network.

Cartographic pakunzi Ongororo zvezvinangwa

Pamepu kudzora pfungwa segwapa chaizvo mifananidzo. Vari kusiyaniswa sezvinotevera:

• dzenyeredzi huru;
• nokuti GGS pfungwa;
• nokuti nechepakati pfungwa yakataurwa mundima;
• anonongedza kundorondedzera network;
• munoenzanisa pfungwa nokuti mamiriro geodetic network.

pfungwa zvose izvi vanoiswa chiratidzo chaicho panyika pamwe mapiramidhi simbi kana munhuwo bhuku pfungwa. Geodetic nzvimbo, zvichiratidza nzvimbo chinhu, rinoshandisirwa Coordonatele pamepu, kuti iri chakarurama sezvinobvira, pamwe nokukwirira mavanga.

Chii bhuku pfungwa? Vanobatanidzwa zvachose geodetic rezvebonde chikomo pazvikomo, zvikomo kana kumira-oga zvivakwa pamwe spiers, shongwe kana steeples kunan'anura conditionally unogashirwa kuzvidhori zvabatanidzwa. Inotaurawo GGS makadhi pamwero zvinoratidza zvose. Astronomical mashoko, ndiye chiero, runotaurwa chete zviitiko apo vari pokutangira munharaunda.

Triangulation (fiducials) zvinhu, kugadzwa

Gadza zvachose zviratidzo anobata mamiriro geodetic munoenzanisa Network. Yenyika kungoreva zvinoonekwa divi mapuranga interconnected kure zvakafanorongwa. Magadzirirwo uye kureba vanotaurwa kunobva kuenda, zvinhu zveko, pasi uye kure imwe pfungwa uchienda kune imwe.

Geodetic pfungwa dzinogona kuitwa muchimiro resimbi kana emapuranga mapiramidhi, ibwe kana mbiru kongiri. Kukwirira nomumwe mamiriro kunobva kubatanidzwa nzvimbo. pepuranga rimwe nerimwe riri mutiraipodhi kana vanotsigira tambo tambo uye aiona.

Underground chikamu kuvakwa ichi unoshanda muchimiro akadurura kongiri nheyo monolith. Panguva chaipo nguva inova musimboti pfungwa, wakaiswa kupinda kukandira simbi chitaridzi. The IAA yokupedzisira inoratidza nhamba uye mhando chinhu chacho. Zita sangano iro akaita basa uye gore naro vanokandirwa pamwechete Chikwata (dzaiwanzogadzirwa kukandira simbi).

Construction uye fiducial zvinoratidza

Benchmarks ari muchimiro Disc chinoitirwa kukandira simbi, akaisa mukati masvingo maindasitiri zvivako, pakashama, mazambuko uye nheyo kutsigira. Izvi zvinoitwa kuongorora kunofambira mberi mamiriro guru hurongwa. On the Disc mavanga kunze zvinyorwa zviri maberere kuti kuwedzera nokuputsa tsvimbo. Kudomwa Ongororo zvezvinangwa zvinogona kukamurwa zvinotevera Categories:

• rutsigiro kana kuzvidzora, izvo ndiyo hwaro Pakusarudza nzvimbo isingachinji mavanga, kufungisisa kuchengeteka uye kutsiga kwenguva refu;
• Auxiliary - ichi zvenguva mavanga kutungamirira kutapurirana uye deformation tsika uye pakati bhuku mavanga;
• kuwedzera pamusoro zvizivikanwe, izvo ngadzirambe zvakananga pamusoro pamasvingo kwakacherechedzwa zvivako kana dzimba (pamwe spatial nzvimbo chinhu anochinja zvezvinangwa izvi kufamba pamwe nawo).

Reference pfungwa pakuvaka vari sechivimbiso nenguva vasabatwa kufamba kana kusagadzikana rimwe chinhu guru, zvakadai somunhu Hydroelectric dhamu kana mukuru-kuwedzera kuvaka.

Izvi ndizvo zvose zvaunoda

Nokuda interconnected zvinhu akasarudzwa ezvinhu kuumbwa hurumende geodetic network. Special Directories ane mazita ari kutaurwa Coordonatele pfungwa idzi zvose. ruzivo urwu rinoshandiswa vaiongorora kudzidza puraneti pevhu, muna engineering geodetic kuongorora kuti siyana zvinodiwa nenyika upfumi.

Mazita pamwe batanidza tsika aunoita kune vatariri vehondo, pamwe topographical mepu. The Gunners zvakare anonyatsoziva kuti bhuku pfungwa - chiratidzo inotaridza imwe urefu, imwe mhando kutsigira zeroing pasi.

Reference pfungwa pamusoro tembiricha pamwero Celsius ichaongororwa kuti kukosha dzokubikira uye kuoma nechando achitandadza mvura panguva wegungwa.

Mubhizimisi, pfungwa iri rinoshandiswa kutsanangura imwe mamiriro ezvinhu, apo zvimwe zviito zvinogona kutungamirira kana kupedza kukundikana kana kubudirira.

Health, Enterprise

Sezvo bhuku pfungwa - ndiwo dimikira reference, munhu "chiredzo", dzidziso iyi ingashandiswa munzvimbo zhinji basa nevanhu.

Kuongorora zvinokonzera kakawanda kushushikana mune vanhu, nguva dzose kugara mumaguta, masayendisiti akawana kuti chikonzero icho sokurwarirwa kuona mamiriro ezvinhu. Kupararira pamakona uye mitsetse, zvivako monotonous ruvara, vakawanda kunofambira mberi zvinhu isakarurama kunokanganisa kunetsa munhu. Psychophysiological mirayiridzo zvesayenzi, anonzi kutarisana kwezvakatipoteredza, rinoti havana zvaiitwa mapurani decoration zvinhu overloads yacho optic etsinga.

Ziso anofanira govera kugadzirisa dzimwe nguva, kese, kuti kutarisana che nzvimbo, saka kuti muuropi vaziva kwezvakatipoteredza sezvo hwomutambarakede, pedyo dzinongoitika uye yakabatana. kana chete ari munhu ane pfungwa aesthetic uye mupfungwa kugutsikana.

Reference pfungwa mumabhizimisi - rudzi airbags. Vanogona kushandiswa kuwedzera kukwikwidzana mano vachida. Kana tikatora sepokutangira zvimwe Marketing nzira kana mamiriro ezvinhu zviri kuitika munguva, zvinokwanisika kuziva nzwisisika matanho kuendeswa mamiriro acho ezvinhu ave nani.