Mhando yemhuka: mienzaniso, maitiro

Pasi Pasi, pane nhamba isingagumi yezvipenyu zvemhuka dzakasiyana-siyana. Kuti uzvinzwisise, zvakakosha kudzidza zvinyorwa, zvinosanganisira marudzi, makirasi uye zvikamu. Zvipenyu ndiyo danho rekupedzisira rekupesana, uye naizvozvo nhamba yavo yakanyanya kwazvo. Zviri nani kutora mashoma emhando dzemhando dzemhuka, izvo zviduku zvikuru. Kudzidza zvisikwa zvinowanikwa mavari zvichava zviri nyore.

Sponges

Kwenguva yakareba mhuka idzi dzakaonekwa semiti. Sayenzi yakadzidza maitiro avo munguva ichangopfuura. Iyo chipanje chinosanganisira zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhuka. Mienzaniso yadzo inogona kunyorwa kwenguva refu. Vamiririri vanogara vachigara mumvura yegungwa, asi ivo vari kunze vanosiyana nenzira inoshamisa. Sponges inogona kutarisa sekukura kunoshamisa, zvingwa zvakatsetseka, mashizha kana mapfundo. Kuonekwa kwegorozi yemhuka idzi kunotaridzika zvakanaka uye inoyevedza chaiyo yezvakasikwa - iyo inonzi bhasika reVenus kana gungwa re orange rinoratidzika rakajeka uye rinoshanduka. Ivewo ane zvinhu zvakajairika - somuenzaniso, zvipembenene hazvifambi zvakawanda. Kunyange zvakadaro, mhando imwe neimwe inoziva nzira yekuwana zvokudya pasina matambudziko - kuburikidza nekupfuura mumuviri wemafuta anoyevedza emvura, microorganisms kubva kune kudya kwezvisikwa zvinoshamisa. Asi chinonyanya kufadza ndechekuti kusanganisa kwemazita emhuka idzi ane mazita emhuri yekushambidza kana kuchenesa haisi pangozi: pakutanga kwechinangwa vakashandisa zvipembenene zviripo zvinobatsira paganda uye zvinogona kunge zvinyorovedza kune.

Kidneywave

Saka, kuisa mhando yemhando yemhuka, mienzaniso inofanira kugoverwa muzvikamu maererano nemhando dzavo. Iyo inotevera - inokurudzira, zvinhu zvakaderedzwa, izvo miviri yavo inosanganisira zvikamu zviviri chete zvemasero. Zvose zvemarudzi avo, ane zvishomanana zvishoma, zvinorarama munzvimbo yegungwa. Somuenzaniso, ndiyo hydroid yeEudendrium, iyo coral yeAcropora kana sopopopi ye physeophore. Chimwe nechimwe chezvipenyu izvi chinoratidzika sechinhu chakasiyana-siyana-chinotaridzika semiti miduku, uye dzimwe dzinotaridzika seminhenga shiri. Unobatanidza tsika yavo yekugara mumakoloni uye chimiro chemuviri - sezviri pachena kubva muzita, muviri wega bedzi hutumbu. Zvose zvinogona kugoverwa mumapoka maviri: mapepa anowanikwa pane imwe nzvimbo, kana jellyfish inogona kushandiswa.

Worms

Kunyora nezvezvipenyu zvemhuka, urongwa hwehuwandu hwakareba, zvakakodzera kutaura nezvemhando iyi. Minyove inogona kuva yakadzika, yakarongedzwa uye yakakomberedza. Zvose izvi zvinokonzera chimiro chezvidimbu zvemasero-ectoderm, endoderm uye mesoderm. Iko hakuna mitsetse yemuviri muhonye, muviri unoumba parenchyma inoita mabasa ose anodiwa. Zvisinei, pane musiyano pakati pemhando idzi. Nyeredzi dzakaputika dzine bhutachi, dzakatenderera dzine zvishomanana zvenguva refu uye mutsara dzenzara, uye mumakona kune chirwere chemumumvu. Mukuwedzera, iyo yekupedzisira inoshandiswa yakavharidzirwa, izvo vamwe vasina.

Shellfish

Zvakakosha kuti tidzidze kwete zvinyorwa zvekare zvemhuka. Kuenzanisa kunosanganisira zvipenyu zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa, somuenzaniso, mollusks. Uyu ndiwo mufananidzo unosanganisira huwandu huwandu hwezvisikwa. Izvo zvipenyu zvinogara mugungwa (oyster, octopuses, mussels, squids), mvura itsva (bezbuki, vivipants, dzimba dzomumakumbo) kana munyika ine mvura (snails, slugs). Ukuru hwemasikisi ezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana kwazvo, zvinogona kunge zviduku (semamilimita mashomanana) kana kusvika kune mamita makumi maviri nemashanu pakureba. Vakawanda vanoita mararamiro ehupenyu, asi vamwe vanogona kufamba nenzira yakagadzikana. Idzi idzi dzinonzi squid uye mhuka dzakasiyana. Chikamu chemasukirwe chinosanganisirawo kusiyana kwakadai se cephalopods, bivalves uye gastropods. Vamwe vane ganda rine maitiro akawanda (horny uye calcareous), asi vakawanda vakarasikirwa naro munguva yekushanduka-shanduka. Inobatanidza mhando idzi dzose dzemhuka, dzine mazita, nenzira, dzinosanganisira misungo, squid uye chimiro chekudya kwekudya. Inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu nemapapiro anterior, pakati nepashure. Vamwe vanhu vanosiyana rurimi rwemutauro nemarticles, asi vamwe vanopa passively, nokungosvibisa zvokudya kubva pakumiswa kwemazino nemagetsi. Mumarudzi ose evanhu, hurongwa hwekufamba-famba hahuvhadzirwa uye hunosanganisira midziyo uye mwoyo ine atria yakawanda uye chiremera. Zvisikwa zvegungwa zvinopisa gills, pasi-mapapu. Izvo zvisiri izvo zvinomiririrwa neitsvo, uye urongwa hwemagetsi hunomiririrwa ne node dzakapararira ine ganglin dzakawanda dzakakura.

Arthropods

Kunyora marudzi akasiyana emhuka, urongwa hahugoni kupedzwa pasina kutaura nezvezvipenyu. Arthropods ndiyo inonzi centipedes, scorpions, spider, uye crayfish. Sezvo mutemo, izvi zviviri zviviri zvakasiyana-siyana mhuka ine muviri yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu. Muviri wakafukidzwa nekateti yakagadzirwa nechitin, iyo inoshanda semakumbo ekunze nekuchengetedzwa kwemuviri. Sezvo izvi zvinosanganisira zvipenyu zvezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, mienzaniso yepemiti yepamusoro inogona kunge yakanyatsopesana - izvi zvose mapapu uye gills. Vose vamiririri vane hurongwa hwekushambadzira husingazivikanwi. Chimiro chemuviri chinogona kuva chakasiyana. Kazhinji, muviri unoumbwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: musoro, chifuva uye mimba - vane marudzi aya ose emhuka. Mienzaniso, zvisinei, inosanganisira zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana: mumagunwe, musoro uye chifuva zvinosanganiswa nemudumbu, asi muzvikamu zviduku hazvigoni kuparadzaniswa zvachose.

Chord

Mhando dzinowanzozivikanwa uye dzakazivikanwa dzemhuka, mifananidzo yemunhu wose anoona, ndeyetsika iyi. Iyo yakakwirira uye inotora kuvepo kwechikwereti cheskeletal, neural tube. Rudzi urwu runosanganisira zvitatu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipenyu: mahombekombe, makumbo uye vertebral. Mhando yekutanga yemhuka, mienzaniso yezvinhu zvisingazivikanwi kupfuura yekupedzisira, kazhinji inogara munzvimbo yegungwa uye inogara mumakoloni. Vane miviri-yakafanana kana miviri yakaita saga, urongwa hwemagandanga e ganglion uye nhengo dzemuviri dzisinganzwisisiki. Zvisikwa zvakadaro zvinosanganisira zvipenyu zvinotevera: mahedheni, appendicularia, pyrosomes nezvimwe. Izvi zvisikwa zvinowedzera nenzira dzakasiyana, kudya pazhega, mhuka duku, detritus. Zvinofadza kuti chimiro chevanhu vakuru chiri nyore, asi mhangura inoshanda zvikuru uye inopesana mumitemo yakagadziridzwa. Kushanda hakuna musoro wakasiyana, unosarudza zita ravo. Fema mumagetsi uye usina vamiririri vakawanda, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiyo lancelet. Pakupedzisira, mazamu ndiwo mapoka akakurumbira uye akavakwa mhuka. Iko kune marudzi ose emhuka, zviredzi, hove, shiri, amphibians uye zvinokambaira. Izvo zvakagadzirwa zvakare munguva yekutanga. Panguva ino, vanhu vanoziva nezvemazana makumi mashanu emarudzi ezvinyorwa.