Mhando dzenyika pakupenda

Rudzi rwemhando dzakanaka, iyo musoro mukuru-wehupenyu kana hwevanhu-yakasikwa nzvimbo, yakave yakasununguka mberi kwevamwe - chirongwa, huri hupenyu kana kudzidza kwemhuka. Mhando dzenyika dzakatanga kukura ne simba idzva, apo vashandi vaiva nemukana wekushanda kunze.

Tsanangudzo

Izwi rechiFrench rokuti "landsage" ("chikwere" - "nyika", "munda") rinoreva zvakanyanya kune rechiGerman "Landschaft" uye "nyika" yeChirungu. Zvose zvinoratidza nzvimbo yepakati yakapoteredza munhu mumhepo. Iyi nzvimbo inogona kuve nezvinhu zvezvakabva (kuburitsa, zvinomera, dziva, mhepo yakadzika) yakasikwa kana kuchinjwa nemunhu (migwagwa, zvivako, masimi, magetsi , nezvimwewo).

Izwi rokuti "nyika" rine zvinyorwa zvakawanda: ndizvo izvo ziso romurume wacho rinomira kune kunze, rondedzero yezvakanyorwa mubasa rekunyora, chimiro chezvakatipoteredza kuburikidza nemifananidzo yekuona. Kakawanda mumabasa ose eunyanzvi mune marudzi akasiyana ezvimwe nzvimbo. Mufananidzo, firimu, video, makombiyuta uye, zvechokwadi, kupora kunobatanidzwa mumapu enyika.

Mhando dzakasiyana

Vose vanyori vezvokwadi vane maonero avo emamiriro ezvinhu. Kuti ubatsire kunzwisisa izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotorwa kusiyanisa mamwe marudzi emamiriro ezvinhu. Kune vekuchikoro, vadzidzi vekusekondari, vadzidzi uye vateveri vemifananidzo yezera ripi zvaro, kune matanho emifananidzo yekunaka, zvichienderana nemhando yechifananidzo uye chimiro chayo.

Ikoko kune maitiro, masango uye maundi maonero emamiriro ekugadzira. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine zvinyorwa uye zvikamu. Nemazvisikwa, nzvimbo yacho ndeyezvakaitika uye heroic, epic, romunyanzvi uye mamiriro emamiriro ezvinhu.

Natural landscape

Kunyangwe muMiddle Ages, chimiro chezvisikwa chaive chirongwa uye planar. Yaiva unhu hwekubatsira hwekuwedzera kune zvechitendero, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa kana zvakaitika kare. Asi kubva panguva yeRensten, mifananidzo yakatanga kuonekwa pane izvo zvidzidzo kana nhamba dzevanhu dzakanga dzisina kushandiswa kuratidza manzwiro nemanzwiro, vanhu vanyori mavari vaiva nyika, masango, denga, gungwa mune dzimwe nyika.

Mumwe wevatangi vemhando ye "nzvimbo yakachena" ndiye mubazi wechiGermany, mhizha uye munyori wemifananidzo Albrecht Altdorfer (1480-1538). Kwenguva yekutanga pane zvinyorwa zvitsvene, mifananidzo yemhare dzaiwanzosiyana zvakasiyana nechemukati wemufananidzo mukuru wezvisikwa zvenyama.

Marina - mufananidzo wegungwa

Munzvimbo yemasikirwo, nzvimbo inokosha inoshandiswa nemifananidzo yemamiriro emvura, ayo ave achikoshesa vanyori. Mhando dzenyika dzine chokuita nekufamba, uye marinistics (marina - chinyorwa chemashoko emvura) akaberekerwa munyika umo kushandiswa kwekugadzira zvikepe kwaive chinhu chinowanzoitika - kuHolland, England, nezvimwewo. Pakutanga gungwa raiva chikamu chinokosha chechifananidzo chengarava uye hondo dzemvura, asi zvino kubudisa uye kunaka kwakasimba kwezvisikwa, kuchinja kwayo kusina kumira kwakatanga kukwezva vanyori pachavo. Iyo chaiyo yepamusoro yenyika inorehwa basa reRussia muchengeti wemapurisa IK Aivazovsky (1817-1900).

Mufananidzo wezvisikwa zvekumatenga, mapuraneti uye nyeredzi zvinoshandurwawo sezvisikwa zvenyama. Nzvimbo dzekugara, dzinonzi cosmic kana astral, dzakagara dziine farasi ye fantastic kana futuristic art, nekutanga kwegara nguva dzose ndege dzakadaro dzakanyatsoitika.

Rural landscape

Kubvira panguva yezvifananidzo zvisina kunaka kubva muupenyu hwevafudzi nevashumiri veRococo nguva, nzvimbo yekumaruwa yakagara ichiita nzvimbo inokosha mune unyanzvi hwokupenda. Kubatana kwezvisikwa, kubatana kwehupenyu pasi pano, basa rakasununguka raiva nenyaya yevatenzi vakawanda vakasiyana-siyana vemakasiyana akasiyana, saPeter Bruegel (1525-1569), Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665), Camille Corot (1796-1875), Francois Millet ( 1814-1875).

Rusvingo pamifananidzo yemuguta yaiva nhepfenyuro yakabva panguva yeG AG Venetsianov (1780-1847). Mienzaniso yepamusoro-soro yenzvimbo dziri kumaruwa ndevamwe vevanyori vechiRussia vane ruzivo: II Levitan (1860-1900), AK Savrasov (1830-1897), VD Polenov (1844-1927), AA Plastov (1893-1972). Nhetembo yakakosha yehupenyu hwemaruwa mumamiriro ezvinhu eRussia inofuridzira uye vanyengeri vemazuva ano.

City landscape

Muzana remakore re XVII muEurope yakave yakakurumbira yakawanda mumutambo unonzi "veduta" ("veduta" (ital.) - "kuona"). Iyi yaiva mifananidzo, maonero emamiriro ezvinhu, chimiro chekuti-zvinyorwa zvakajeka uye zvakajeka zvezvivako zvemaguta, migwagwa uye zvikamu zvose. Nekunyora kwavo, kamera yepinehole yakashandiswa, chigadziro chekuwana chinyorwa chaiyo chepikicha pandege. Mienzaniso yakanakisisa yemhando iyi ndeyemifananidzo yakajeka yakagadzirwa nemagariro emaguta. Maonero eVenice neLondon yemuzana remakore rechigumi nemana anowanikwa mumifananidzo yeA A. Canaletto (1697-1768), unyanzvi hunoshamisa hwaJean Vermeer (1632-1675) mumifananidzo ye "View of Delft".

Nzvimbo yekugadzira nzvimbo inoratidza kukosha kwezvivako semabasa ekugadzira, hukama hwavo nemumwe uye pamwe nemamiriro ose. Rudzi rwemhando yakadaro yenzvimbo yakadaro inorangariro dzinoratidzika, dzakaberekwa nemafungiro emuenzi. Pane imwe nguva "matongo" aizivikanwa zvikuru - maonero emamiriro ezvinhu kubva kumatongo ekare, achiita pfungwa pamusoro pekufamba kwenguva.

Mumwe anogona kusiyanisa nguva yemberi, inoshamisa-mhando yemaguta ehupenyu huri mberi, iyo inofanirwa kuchinja pamwe nekufamba kwenguva zvichienderana nekufambira mberi, kubudirira kwesayenzi uye teknolojia.

Imwe rudzi rwekugara kwemajasheni ndiro inzvimbo yemabhizimusi, ichiratidza chimiro chakashandurwa zvikuru chezvakasikwa. Musoro wepamusoro wemifananidzo yakadaro ndiyo inofungidzirwa yezvivako, madhesheni, mabhiriji, shongwe, migwagwa, mafambisi ekufambisa, mafekitari, nezvimwewo. Pakati pemabasa ekutanga ezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi zvinogona kutaurwa mufananidzo waClaude Monet (1840-1926) "Saint-Lazare Station ".

Yakaparadzaniswa mune imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana uye nzvimbo yepaki. Saizvozvowo mune zvinyorwa kumaruwa kana zvisikwa zvakasikwa, nzvimbo yacho inoreva kumaguta.

Tsika dzekunyika mufananidzo

Basa rekuita basa rinogara richigadzirwa nekugadzirwa kwenyika, uye nzvimbo yemufananidzo chaiye haisi mufananidzo wakafanana neicho chaiwo, asi mufananidzo wezvinhu zvakapoteredza kana zvekugara mumuguta, kufungidzira kwacho, kunoratidzwa nemunhu wekusika. Uku kunzwisisa uku kazhinji kunogadzirisa chimiro chechimiro cheumwe munhu, uyewo kumarudzi ose akabatanidzwa nenzvimbo imwe uye imwe nguva.

Nhoroondo yehutenzi kune imwe chimiro mumamiriro ekugadzira mifananidzo inonyanya kuonekwa. "Nzvimbo ine muraraungu" P. P. Rubens (1577-1640) - unyanzvi hweBaroque uye mufananidzo wakafanana naConstantin Somov (1869-1939) zvakafanana muchirongwa. Ivo vakazara nekuyemura kwakadaro kubva kune imwe nyika, asi nenzira ipi iyo manzwiro aya anotapurirwa!

Basa reImpressionists raiva nechinonyanya kukosha pamhando iyi. Mhando dzose dzenyika - zvisikwa, kuguta, kumaruwa - nekuuya kwemukana wekushanda kunze kwakave nekuchinja kukuru. Kuedza kuratidzira kuchinja kwechinguva uye madiki mashoma ekujekesa, achishandisa nzira itsva yemifananidzo, Impressionists yakazarura mitsva mutsva mumamiriro evanhu. Mushure mekunyora kwaClaude Monet (1840-1926), Camille Pissarro (1830-1903), Alfred Sisley (1839-1999) nemamwe akawanda aImpressionists, zvakange zvisingakwanisi kutarisa nyika nemaziso ake akare, asingaoni kunaka kwake, asingaoni hupfumi hwomumvuri wake.

Izvo chisikwa chisingagumi chokufuridzirwa

Zvisikwa nguva dzose zvave zviri izvo zvinoita kuti pfungwa itsva dzive nemafungiro emudzidzi uyu. Madzitateguru edu ari kure akaedza kupora zuva rokumabvazuva pamadziro emubako ane chidimbu chevhu rakaomeswa, maonero emamiriro ezvinhu evechikoro chemazuva ano mifananidzo yeMaric inoparadzirwa kubva pamusoro payo nemotokari inodzivirira. Izvo zvinowanzova kushamiswa kwekushamisika kubva kune zvisizvo zvepasi, kubva mufaro hwehupenyu.