Mutambi wechiGermany Hans Holbein (junior): biography, creativity

Hans Holbein wekutanga (≈1465-1524) akatungamirira musangano wehutano. Mariri yakashanda hama yake, uye gare garewo vanakomana vaviri. Basa rinokosha, rakakosha muhutano hweNorth Renaissance rakatambidzwa nemwanakomana wake muduku, mazita akazara ababa vake - Hans Holbein (1497-1543).

Mufumi Augsburg

Mumhuri yekare yeBavarian Augsburg, uko Hans Holbein (baba) akaberekwa, akachengeta musangano uye akapinda mumusangano wevashandi, sezvo unyanzvi panguva iyoyo hwaisati hwaonekwa semifananidzo. Izvo zvave zvakadaro kubva pamazuva ekare, apo unyanzvi hwaifungidzirwa kuva masvomiti. Mashoko okuti "mathematics" kubva kuvaGiriki vekare akanga asiri, uye kupora kwaingova chigadzirwa. Hans 'workshop yakava mhuri imwe. Zvinhu zvakabudirira, akanga ane zvigaro zvake, uye nokuda kwehama yake Zygmund nemubatsiri wake Leonard. Augsburg pakapera mazana maviri emakore yaiva guta guru. Yakava nekutengeserana, mapurisa akakura, akabudisa zvombo uye zvishongo. Vanyori vevashandi vaiva mhuri dzakapfuma. Muzana remakore rechi16, vatengesi vemuguta rino vaiva pakati pevakakosha zvikuru muEurope. Guta racho raiwanzoshanyira naMambo Maximilian I. Ndiye iye nevakasangana naye vakaunza ruzivo rutsva pamusoro pevanyori vekuRitenda kweItaly, somuenzaniso. Yaiva nguva iyo gothic yemakore ekumavirira yakanga ichipa nzira itsva kune nyika.

Mumusangano

Hans Holbein akabata chimiro chitsva uye akakwanisa kujekesa zvinangwa zveRenaissance. Mukurumbira wake wakatanga kupararira muSouth Germany yose. Pakutanga vanomukoka kuti ashande muUlm, iye zvino muFrankfurt am Main. Nevanakomana va Ambrosius (1494-1519) naHans anoita murindi muRucerne. Ichi chinhu chakawanda chebasa rinoitwa zvose mukati meimba nekunze. Mifananidzo yacho pane marudzi akasiyana uye kusaka. Gare gare, Hans Holbein achabva kubasa rakashanda ndokugara muIsenheim, kwaanozofa. MuAugsburg, imba yeHolbein yakaparadzwa munguva yehondo yakadzorerwa, uye muCall of the Old Masters uye kereke yepamusoro ipapo mabasa aH Hans Holbein. Mifananidzo yake ndiyo kudada kweguta.

Upenyu hwaHans Holbein kuMwanakomana

Mushure mekushanda nababa vake nehanzvadzi, Hans akatamira kuSwitzerland muna 1515. Kwemakore gumi akagara muBasel. Heino anosangana naErasmus weRotterdam, anoratidzira "Kurumbidzwa kweStupidity," uye anogadzira mufananidzo wake. Muranda wake ndiye Meyaire Meyer, uyo waachanyora, asati abuda muGermany nokusingaperi, mufananidzo "Madonna weMeyer mhuri," chimwe chezvakanaka zvake panguva ino. Muchikamu chepamusoro chepamusoro, Mhandara Maria anobata mwana Jesu pasi pechifukidzo chemakumbo echikwata. Zvinotendwa kuti aive achida nemunhu anonzi Magdalena Offenburg. Pasi, pasi pekudzivirirwa kwejasi reMhandara Yakaropafadzwa, mhuri yose yeMeyer iri kune rumwe rutivi rwayo. Yakatendwa kuti kuburikidza nekukumbira kwake, unogona kugamuchira ngoni dzaBaba Vokudenga. Iko-scalp shell inomiririra nzvimbo yaMwari nevakadzi. Korona yegoridhe pamusoro weMhandara inoreva kusununguka kwesimba rayo. Kuruboshwe ndiMeyer pachake ane vanakomana vaviri. Pamberi pepfeko chena mhandara yaMeyer Anna. Zvino-wechipiri mudzimai wake, Dorothea, uye, pakupedzisira, purogiramu yacho inoratidzira mukadzi wekutanga, mudzimai weMeyer-Magdalena akanga atofa. Saka iyi inoratidziro yechitendero ine tsanangudzo yakajeka. Hazvizivikanwi kuti chii chaaifunga pamusoro, achisiya Basel, Hans Holbein. Mune makore iwayo biography yake yakagadzirwa nekuputika. Akaenda kupi?

Hans Holbein, Jr. muEngland

Kwemakore maviri, muenzi wacho anoenda kuEngland, kwaanogamuchirwa zvakanaka, ndokudzokera kuBasel, anopedzisa imba yeguta nemifananidzo kubva muTesitamende Yekare uye muna 1532 kugadzikana zvachose pachitsuwa chacho. Pano iye anozarura chipo chake kumufananidzo wemifananidzo. Iye zvino tichaona mabasa ake, izvo zvakamuita kuti asave nokubwinya. Kururamisa kwezviratidzo, kubwinya kwemifananidzo - izvi ndizvo zvakaitwa naHans Hansbe. Mabasa acho haana kuwana vateveri kamwe pakarepo, asi akakonzera kukura kwemafananidzo ekuBrithani.

"Ambassadors", 1533

Hans Holbein Jr. akanyora mapiritsi emapurisa eFrance mugore iro mutambokadzi Elizabeth akaberekwa. Uyu mufananidzowo unoratidzwa mbiri, uye huri-hupenyu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana, izvo zvakava chikonzero chekukurukurirana kwakawanda.

Varume vakapfeka nguo dzakasiyana, nechepamusoro Jean de Danteville - mune zvenyika, kuruboshwe Bishop Georges de Selv - muhurumende. Izvi zvinoratidza kukakavadzana pakati pezviremera zvenyika uye zvechitendero, pakati pemadzishe neChechi. Pamusoro pekusawirirana pakati pevasayendisiti (nziyo dzaMartin Luther) uye vafundisi veKaturike vanoratidza lute neketambo inoputika. Pakati pevamiririri kune muLutheran psalter yakazaruka sechiratidzo chezivo chechitendero. Panguva imwe chete, anovabatanidza ivo kuburikidza naamai vaMwari. Pasi pemufananidzo uri pasi pasi mukati mehenya iri murefu, maitiro akatsauka. Hazvina kujeka nei Holbein inoratidzira kurangarira rufu, asi zvinogoneka kuti muiti wacho ane mifananidzo yepamusoro matatu. Pamufaro wepamusoro pane ma astrolabes, quadrant, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekudenga, pasi-pasi-pasi rose, sezvinopupurirwa nemabhuku uye rute, uye pakupedzisira, pasi, chiyeuchidzo chekufa sechimiro chemukati wakavharwa. Izvi zvinoratidzwawo nechepamusoro pamuchinjikwa muchepamusoro rekona yakasara, uye medallion yaJean de Danteville. Nokudaro muvepi anotendeukira zvakananga, maonero akajeka ehupenyu kuti ave chiratidzo chepantasmagoric.

Mufananidzo wakarasika wemambo

Muna 1536 Holbein akava munyori wematare weMambo Henry. Uye muna 1536-1537 akasika mufananidzo wake. Iyo yepakutanga haina kuchengetedzwa, yakatsva mumoto we1698, inozivikanwa isu chete kubva pamakopi akawanda. Panguva ino, Henry akanga aroorwa nekusateerera Jane Seymour. Mifananidzo yemudzimai wechitatu wekuzvininipisa weHenry yakasara kusvikira nhasi, sezvinoratidzwa mufananidzo wechidiki jinda Edward, uyo anorarama kwenguva refu, achiri muduku.

Mufananidzo weHenry VIII, kopi yekupedzisira

Sezvakataurwa, mifananidzo yaHenry VIII yakapisa pasi. Vakanga vafanirwa kugadzira Whitehall. Asi paiva nemakopi. Mukuwedzera kuna mambo pachake, mudzimai wake Jane Seymour nevabereki vake, Henry VII naErizabheti York, vakaratidzwa zvakare. Idzi dzaiva murara, dzakapedziswa muna 1537, kuzopemberera kuberekwa kwomwanakomana anodiwa. Kwatiri mumutauro wepakutanga kwaiva nekadhibhodhi apo Henry VIII nababa vake, Henry VII , vakavezwa .

Henry VIII (kopi) inoratidzwa murefu hwakazara pasina bakatwa, korona uye tsvimbo. Ukuru hwemambo hunobudiswa neve pose. Anozvikudza uye ane utsinye akamira zvakananga pamberi pemuoni, makumbo ake akaparadzaniswa, maoko ake anotora nzvimbo yomufambisi. Mune rumwe rutivi iye ane gorofu, imwe yacho iri pedo nemhembwe ine nguruve yakashongedzwa yakaisvonaka yakanamatira kubva pabhanhire. Anopfeka zvishongo zvakawanda, kusanganisira zvindori zvakakura uye mapafu. Zvipfeko zvine ruvara rwakakura-mvere dzemakumbo dzinosimbisa pfungwa ye simba revarume rinobva kuna mambo. Holbein anokanganisa nemaune chimiro chaHenry VIII kuti chiite kuti chinakidze. Mumufananidzo, mambo achiri muduku uye ane hutano, kunyange zvazvo atova anotambura zvikuru kubva pakuvadzwa yakagamuchirwa mumutambo usina kubudirira. Henry VIII akafarira mufananidzo uyu zvakanyanya zvokuti akaraira kuti ape makopi ake, aida sezvipo zvevatumwa nevakuru.

Mufananidzo wekupona webasa reHolbein

Uyu mufananidzo hausi muEngland, asi muTyssen-Bornemisza Museum muMadrid, uko Mambo anoratidzwa kusvika muchiuno ane chiso chakaonekwa kune muoni mumatatu matatu. Kwemakore mazhinji iyi mufananidzo uyu ndewemhuri yaSpencer, asi matambudziko emari akamanikidza chikamu chechinomwe cheSpencer kuti aparadzanise nayo. Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wezvinyorwa zvepamusoro zveHolbein. Pakaparidzirwa mafudzi evanhu vamambo, nzvimbo yemaoko ake, yakashongedzwa nemhete, iketani huru, kukudzwa kwakakurumidza kuratidza kuti vateereri unhu hwakasimba hwakasimba. Chiso chinoremedza chiso chemambo chakanyarara zvachose. Zvinhu zvake zvakanaka hazvina kuchinja mavhiringi kana kuzara zvakakwana. Maziso ake anonyanya kuomeswa, asi haataridzi ani zvake. Hapana hunoti hwekunyemwerera pachiso chake. Uyu murume murume akaoma, uyo akashandisa kugadzirisa zvinhu zvose ari oga, achitarisana nevechokwadi uye vanofungidzira vanopikisa.

Holbein akafa munguva yehosha muLondon. Yaiva pamusoro wetarenda yake uye unyanzvi. Muvepi aiva nemakore 46 chete.