Historical genre muhutano hwakanaka: tsanangudzo, vamiririri

Itaria, apo maitiro ezvakaitika mumasikirwo emasikirwo akabuda, aiva nezvese zvaidiwa kuti kuve kwekugadzirwa kwemufananidzo uyu. Umambo hweRoma hwaiva nehupamhi hwepamusoro hwekuvandudza tsika, uye kubudirira kwahwo kwakava hwaro hwehutano hweve nyika dzose dzeWestern Europe. Hazvishamisi kuti yakanga iri muItaly muRenaissance, muzana remakore reXV, imwe nhoroondo yezvakaitika mune zvekuona.

Nhoroondo Yfupi

Kuti unzwisise kuti nhoroondo yei yekare mune unyanzvi, zvakakosha kufungisisa zvinhu zvekuvandudzwa kwenguva iyo iri kuongororwa. Nguva yeRenetwork ndiyo nguva yekubudirira kwezvinangwa zvevanhu, izvo zvakaratidza kufarira kwete mumunhu chete, asiwo munhau dzehurumende uye zvematongerwe enyika.

Zviitiko zvekare zvekare zvehurumende zvakafanirwawo kuratidza maitiro ezvakaitika mumasikirwo ekuona. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvinotevera: mifananidzo naArea Mantegna "Kutonga kwaKesari" (1485-1492), dzakasiyana siyana dzaPauro Uccello, dzakazvitsaurira kuhondo yeSan Romano nevamwe. Kubudirira kweRenaissance muItaly kwakakurumidza kupararira muEurope yose, iyo nhoroondo yezvakaitika mumasikirwo emasikirwo akatangawo kukura.

European artists of history painting ye XVII-XVIII mazana emakore

Zviitiko zvekare zvakakwezva masters munyika dzekuMadokero kweEurope. Kubudirira kwechiitiko ichi kunogona kuonekwa kune yezana remakore rechigumi nemana (XVII) - iro zuva rekuchikoro uye baroque. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mumasikirwo emhando iyo nhoroondo yekare yakauya mberi. Mamwe marudzi ose emhando dzakanaka kwenguva yakati yakarashika kwaari nzvimbo inokosha, sezvo chechi yekare yaifunga kuti kusikwa kwemasimba anonyanya kushandiswa uye masimba makuru.

Mumutauro uyu, pamusoro wezvakaitika kare, Peter Paul Rubens (pikicha "The Battle of the Greeks with the Amazons", 1619-1620), Nicolas Poussin ("Kubatwa kweSabines," 1614-1615), Jacques-Louis David, akanyora Zvose pane zvekare, uye pane zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano. Iyi mabasa inoratidzika pathos mudzimu, heroic poses, maonero ekunaka uye maziso. Nokugadzirwa kwavo, zvibvumirano zvakafanana nezvakaitwa nemitambo yekare uye zvakanga zvakasiyana nedzimwe sarudzo yebombast. Iyi nhungamiro inogona kuenzaniswa nemifananidzo yakanyorwa pamusoro pezvidzidzo zveevhangeri. Somuenzaniso, Harmens van Rijn Rembrandt vakasika mufananidzo we "The Return of the Prodigal Son" (1669).

Historical painting muEurope muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore re XIX

Classicism uye baroque munguva pfupi yakatevera yakaita tsika itsva tsika - rudo. Vamiririri vemaitiro aya vakatama kubva kududziro rwechi heroki yekare, vachitarisa pane chikamu chepfungwa. Vanyori vanoita kuti vagadzire mifananidzo yakadai kuti vadzidzise tsitsi netsitsi pakati pevateereri. Nhoroondo yezvinyorwa mumifananidzo yakagadzirwa zvakasiyana zvakasiyana, sezvo musoro wekunzwa kwevanhu uye manzwiro akauya mberi. Muenzaniso ndiwo mufananidzo waEugene Delacroix, "The Massacre pachiwi cheChios," yakanyorwa muna 1826. Historical motifs inogona kuwanikwa uye basa romumwe musikana anozivikanwa wechiFrench Honore Daumier: mufananidzo "The Rise" (1848).

Mifananidzo yeEurope yeEurope yakaitika kare yekutonga kweRoma

Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore XIX, nhoroondo yezvakaitika mumasikirwo ekuona akawana kuchinja kukuru. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekubudirira kwehutungamiri hutsva - kubudirira. Vamiririri vake vakatsvaka kugadzira zvifananidzo zvakawanda uye zvirongwa. Kusvika ikozvino kunogona kufungidzirwa kuti mabasa aAdolf von Menzel, uyo muna 1850 akagadzira mutsara wemifananidzo yakazvitsaurira munguva yaFrederick Mukuru. Kufarira munhau ino munguva ino kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwemakwikwi akawanda ayo akashamisa Europe panguva iyoyo. Foci yekumuka kwakatanga muItaly, France, Germany. Saka, masayendisiti, vanyori, vanyori vakatsvaga mhinduro kune ikozvino munguva yakapfuura, iyo inotsanangura kuoneka kwechokwadi mune zvetsika.

Kubva kwemaRussia emhando yekare mumifananidzo

Kufarira kuongororwa uye nhoroondo yemufananidzo wehutano. Mhemberero, marudzi uye maitiro muRussia inyaya yehurukuro yakasiyana, nokuti tsika yedu yakwereta zvakawanda kubva kuEurope. Nguva yeklassicism muzvinyorwa zveamailand yakadzokera kumashure yezana remakore rechigumi nemana: panguva ino panguva iyo vashandi vekumba vakashandura kune zviitiko zvekare mumabasa avo.

Muvambi wezvinyorwa zvekare zvemhando yeRussia Anton Pavlovich Losenko. Peni yake ndeyemifananidzo yakakurumbira kubva munguva yakapfuura yeAkare Rus ("Vladimir naRogneda", 1770) uye mitsva yakazvitsaurira kune zvidzidzo zvekare. Vateveri vake vaiva Ivan Akimov, vakashandurawo kune zviitiko zveKivan Rus, Peter Sokolov, vachiratidza mifananidzo yezvinyorwa, Grigory Ugryumov, kutendeukira kune nhoroondo ye XIII yezana. Izvi zvinoshanda, pamwe nemifananidzo yeEurope mumutauro weklassicism, inozivikanwa nekukwirira kwemifananidzo uye zvirongwa.

Historical themes muRussian painting mu 1800-1850

Mhando dzemifananidzo yekupenda mumasikirwo emasikirwo akanga akasiyana kwazvo, asi, maererano nekuvandudzika kwezvidzidzo, muchikamu chekutanga chemazana emakore nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakatora zvakanyanya mumasikirwo emasikirwo. Vanyori vemaitiro aya nenzira dzakawanda vakaenderera mberi netsika dzekushambadzira, kusarudza chinhu chebasa ravo remashoko matsvene kubva kare. Nhoroondo yezvinyorwa mumasikirwo akanaka, ayo mazhizha ainyanya kubudisa pachena, ainakidzwa nekududzirwa kwepamusoro pakati pevane intelligentsia uye pakati pevanhu vakawanda.

Iyi nhungamiro inosanganisira mabasa naAnton Ivanov "The feat of a young Kievite pakakombwa kweKiev nemapechenegs muna 968" (1810), Alexei Egorov "Zorora panzira inoenda Egipita" (1830). Panguva imwecheteyo, hutungamiri hutsva hwakatanga - rudo, avo vamiririri vakagadzira zvakajeka, mafungiro ehupenyu akazara nekutambudzika kwepfungwa. Semuenzaniso, Karl Pavlovich Bryullov, uyo akasika dombo rakakurumbira pamusoro pekufa kwaPompeii, Fedor Antonovich Bruni naAlexander Andreevich Ivanov, vakanyora nyaya dzebhaibheri.

Historical zvirongwa mumabasa evanyori vekupedzisira kwezana remakore

Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore XIX, vanyori vakatanga kutora nyaya kubva munhoroondo yeRussia. Mune unyanzvi, mifananidzo yakawanda inoratidzika, yakatsaurirwa kune zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana kubva munguva yakapfuura yenyika yedu. Nhoroondo yezvinyorwa mumifananidzo yakaisvonaka inomiririrwa nemifananidzo inotevera: Mifananidzo yaIlya Repin "Sophia's Prince muNoodevichy Convent" (1879) uye "Ivan Anotyisa Anouraya Mwanakomana Wake" (1884), basa raVasily Surikov, uyo akatendeukira kune zviitiko zvinoshamisa zvikuru kubva munhau yeRussia muzana remakore rechi18. Aya mabasa anosiyaniswa nemifananidzo yakajeka uye inonzwisisika, uye nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvinhu.

Historical genre yemitambo yakanaka

Domestic artists vakatanga kutarisana kwete zviitiko zvezvematongerwe enyika chete, asiwo kuratidza upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhu veRussia. Nokudaro, nzvimbo yakakurumbira mumifananidzo yakatorwa neinoti zuva rega rega. Maonero ehutungamiri aya akawana mukurumbira mukuru pakati pevanhu vakadzidziswa panguva iyoyo.

Mienzaniso inosanganisira mabasa nevanyori vanotevera: Vyacheslav Shvarts, uyo akasika mufananidzo wekuvhima madzimambo, Konstantin Makovsky, uyo akanyora pamusoro pemambo weMoscow muzana remakore rechi17. Nhau dzezuva nezuva dzezuva nezuva dzakanga dzakakosha zvikuru mubasa revamiririri ve World of Art. Kubwinya kwemavara avo kwaiva kubereka kwekunaka uye kubwinya, asi nechishuwo chekushungurudzika (Albert Benois, kuratidza kubuda kwemasimba kwevatongi veRussia uye kumanikidzwa muzana remakore rechigumi nemana, Eugene Lansere, kuratidzira nzvimbo dzakanaka dziri muruvanze, Valentin Serov, uyo akanyora maitiro emambo).

Historical genre muSoviet uye yemazuva ano kuvepa

MuSoviet nguva, vanyori vaiwanzoenda kune zviitiko zvekare zveRussia. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakadzokorora tsika dzezana remakore rechi19 dzidzo, dzichiratidza zvigamba zvemasimba kubva kuRussia. Semuenzaniso, muenzi V. Ye. Popkov anoonekwa seyo akatanga nheyo "yakaoma" muSoviet painting (mufananidzo unoratidzira kuvakwa kwechivako chemagetsi). Zvekukosha zvakanyanya mubasa rake ndiro musoro weGreat Patriotic War ("Mezensky chirikadzi", 1965-1968 gg.). Uye peni yeT TE Nazarenko ndeyemabasa ayo munhu anogona kuona mamiriro ekushandura: kupesana kwePugachev, Decembrists.

Vanyori vemazuva ano vanoratidza kufarira zvikuru munhoroondo yeRussia. Igor Glazunov akave akakurumbira pakusikwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakatsaurirwa kuti anzwisise nguva yakapfuura yenyika yedu: basa iro rinoratidzira zvakaguma nezvemunyori, "Russia, Wake Up!" (1994) nevamwe.

Nokudaro, kuenzanisira kumusoro, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti zvinyorwa zvezvakaitika kare zvaive nenzvimbo yakakurumbira zvikuru muuropi dzakanaka dzeEurope uye muRussia mufananidzo. Chokwadi uye kutendeseka, dramatism uye kuremekedza nguva dzose zvakange zvakasiyana neruzivo rwemhando. Mhando dzose dzemhando dzakanaka dzinofananidzira kutaura, asi chirevo ichi mutungamiri.