Genre History. Historical Genre mumabhuku

Uyewo wenhoroondo, mumwe munyori anogona kusikazve Zvinoonekwa uye zviitiko zvekare, kunyange zvazvo zvavo unyanzvi kubereka zvechokwadi rakasiyana zvesayenzi. Munyori, yakavakirwa nhoroondo Data chinosanganisira mabasa avo sezvo okusika ingano - inotsanangura chii chaigona kuva, kwete chete zvaiva chokwadi.

The yakanakisisa mabasa dzakaitika Genre, ndisina chete aesthetic kukosha, asiwo nhoroondo uye anodzidzisa. Fiction vanogona kuwana munyika yose nezve zvekare munguva kuzivisa dzematongerwe, magariro mabasa, psyche, upenyu mhenyu mifananidzo. Historical uye Genre zvine chokuita, nokuti upenyu - zviri chikamu kare. Funga nhoroondo paumbwe enhoroondo Genre mune mabhuku.

nhoroondo adventures

Kusina basa kutsanangura zviitiko zvekare, anoedza recreate pavo vakanga vari chokwadi. Dzimwe nguva mashoko chete nokuda mavara mifananidzo, rikwanise zano, inokosha ruvara - the zvekumwe, mashoko kutobaya, etc. Izvi wenhoroondo zvizere adventures (eg A. Dumas chigadzirwa "Ascanio" "Herminia", "Black", "Verengai Monte Kristu," "Corsican Brothers" uye vamwe). Chavainyanya basa - kuti uvhure kunakidza zano.

The kwaita enhoroondo Genre

Art nhoroondo mabhuku akatanga kutora chimiro kubudikidza kwezana 18-19 emakore. Panguva ino, zvakanga akasika kare yokufungidzira - chaiyo Genre, iyo wakakugadzirirai chinangwa kuti zvakananga nezvevaKristu upenyu zvekare epochs. Iye (sezvazvakanyorwa akazviratidza Papera nhoroondo mutambo) Evhangeri yemvura noMweya ndiyo mabasa rakazvipira zvakaitika yapfuura epochs. Art dzakaitika mabhuku kutanga kubuda maererano chinokosha kuchinja munhoroondo ruzivo, kureva, chirongwa inotungamirwa ayo ave sainzi. Chaizvo nokuti ichi pane mhando iyi Genres.

Vanyori vokutanga asike Genres itsva

Wokutanga munyori, akatanga kusika mabasa nyaya dzinofarirwa kwatiri, ndiye W. Scott. Asati kuti inobatsira kuti paumbwe mabhuku vane Goethe uye Schiller, guru vanyori German. Mubasa wokutanga nhoroondo mutambo anomirirwa nemabasa "Egmont" (1788) uye "Goetz of Berlichingen" (1773). Chechipiri akasika "Wallenstein" (1798-1799), "William Iti" muna 1804 uye "Mary Stuart" muna 1801. Asi basa chairo kwenyika chaingova Valtera Skotta, anonzi muvambi Genre nhau yokufungidzira.

Iye ndorwevaya akatevedzana mabasa unoratidza nguva muHondo ( "Richard ari Lionheart", "Ivanhoe," "Robert, Count kweParis"), uyewo paumbwe European National monarchies ( "Kventin Dorvard"), kuti Bourgeois kuchinja mu England ( " Woodstock "," nevaPuritan "), ikatsva muScotland kwakabva system (" Rob Roy, "" Waverley "), uye vamwe. kokutanga mumabasa ake rokuvakazve kare chinyoreso ari munyori inobva pakudzidza zvenhoroondo dzekare (asi kare womufananidzo rinonyanya rinokutadzisa playback mukuru mararamiro zviitiko uye chinonyanya hwokufananidzira inofananidza kare zvinhu). Okugadzira zvinhu zviri munyori kwakabatsira pamusoro pakuzadzisa izvo ndavhiyiwa-siyana Genres.

Vanyori vakawanda dzenhoroondo anotaura kwenhau musoro. Izvi zvinosanganisira Victor Hugo, ndiani wemabhuku siyana. Historical enganonyorwa neMunyori ichi - "Cromwell", "makumi mapfumbamwe Vatatu", "Notre Dame de Paris" uye vamwe.

Vaifarira nyaya A. of Vigny ( "Cinq-Mars"), Manzoni, akasikwa 1827, "The wakanyengwa", uye F. Cooper, M. Zagoskin, I. Lazhechnikov nevamwe.

Features mabasa akasika romantics

Genre History, akapa mabasa Romantics, haugari kuva munhoroondo ukoshi. Kunodzivisa ichi uye kuzviitira dudziro zviitiko, uye yaitsiva chaiyo nemagakava evanhu, kurwisana pakati zvakanaka uye zvakaipa. Kakawanda zvikuru mabhii ari enganonyorwa inongova musimboti wenyika yakanaka pamusoro munyori (semuenzaniso, basa Esmeralda Hugo raMwari), uye kwete maduramazwi nhoroondo marudzi. Zvinokanganisawo kunonyanya uye enyika zvaidavirwa musiki. Somuenzaniso, A. of Vigny, uyo tsitsi pamwe vakakwirira, gamba rake-software chigadzirwa chinoitwa vamiririri anonzi feudal Fronde.

musoro divi

Asi regai kuyera zvemashoko mabasa aya maererano mwero zvenhau. Somuenzaniso, enganonyorwa Hugo vane chihombe kurwadza simba. Zvisinei, danho rinokosha mune pakuzadzisa mabhuku enhoroondo Genre remakore rechi19 rave yakabatana kukunda mariri musoro dzemitemo. Chaizvoizvo younyanzvi mabasa pasocial hunhu, basa vanhu munhoroondo muitiro, ari kupinda munzvimbo yakaoma muitiro okutambura pakati mauto zvakasiyana kuitawo izvozvo. Izvi aesthetic zvinhu zvave zvikuru vakadzidziswa chikoro Valtera Skotta ( "Jacquerie" Merimee, "Shuany" Balzac). Genre mu sezvazviri nhoroondo refraction muRussia nesimba nemabasa Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina ( "Arap Petra Guru", "Boris Godunov", "The yaKaputeni Mwanasikana").

Kudzamisa pfungwa ongororo

Muzana remakore rechi19, mune 30-40s, yaiva neburi mutsva mabasa mupfungwa pachisara (semuenzaniso, Waterloo mufananidzo basa "Charterhouse pamusoro Parma" by Stendhal). Pamusoro nhau Genre muzana remakore rechi19 - Epic "Hondo uye Rugare" by Tolstogo L. N. Zvinoshanda historicism kunooneka pacharo pakasikwa siyana nhoroondo mhando huru dzinotambudza kuziva nhoroondo, uyewo mune yakarurama kupararira wechipfuwo, zvemagariro, mitauro, zvepfungwa uye pfungwa peculiarities vanoratidzwa nguva.

Historical Genre pakati pezana remakore rechi19

Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, mushure zhinji nebudiriro chikoro muiti wechokwadi, mukurumbira kupfuura izvo kwakavakirwa dzakaitika zvinhu akamutsa mibvunzo njodzi rudzi uye vanhu upenyu, regressing humwe unyanzvi dzakaitika mabhuku kukura. Izvi imhaka kuchitendero mukuru zvinoitwa Bourgeois dzematongerwe kusimbisa reactionary mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 - mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, uyewo kuwedzera simba kubva historicism evanhu pfungwa. Modernizing nyaya nevanyori siyana chenhau enganonyorwa. Somuenzaniso, A. France zvayo akanyorwa 1912 basa "Vamwari vane nzara", yakatsaurirwa nguva French Revolution, anobata pfungwa vanhu racho kukura headway.

More zvakafanana anonzi mabhuku rokufananidzira, vachinyepedzera dzimwe nguva kune mumwe kunzwisisa nhoroondo muitiro yakadzika, asi chaizvoizvo pave subjectivist zvakagadzirwa, kuva rakavanzika hunhu. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvinotevera: hwagadzwa muna 1901, basa A. Schnitzler kuti "Vheiri Beatrice," muna 1908, Merezhkovsky - "Paul I" uye "Alexander I".

Historical Genre kuMabvazuva

Mune dzimwe nyika dzokuEastern Europe, Ukuwo, panguva ino zviri pachena rudaviro kukuru uye kukosha enhoroondo Genre. Izvi imhaka yokuti munyika idzi vakatanga yerusununguko iyi. Dzimwe nguva nhoroondo mabhuku ava kudanana hunhu. Somuenzaniso, mune mabasa H. Sienkiewicz, Polish novelist:. "Mafashamo", "Moto Bakatwa", "kwakabva Vadis," "Colonel Wolodyjowski", "Dzorudzidziso"

Munyika vokuMabvazuva vazhinji National Liberation kufamba kwaiva hwaro paumbwe enhoroondo yokufungidzira. MuIndia, Somuenzaniso, musiki raro B.Ch. Chottopadhay.

Development of Genre mushure October Revolution

In Western Europe, mushure October Revolution anotanga itsva ose kusimudzira nhau muiti wechokwadi yokufungidzira. Akapa realists kuMavirira kunyora nhevedzano mabasa mienzaniso makuru unyanzvi dzakaitika mabhuku. Dzokera kare apo zvakanga zvakafanira kuti kudiwa kudzivirira tsika uye nhaka kwetsika, pamwe mabasa pamusoro nevaFascist vanyori kwevanhu. Somuenzaniso, zvakanyorwa muna 1939, Thomas Mann novella "Lotte mu neWeimar", vakawanda enganonyorwa pamusoro Feuchtwanger. Izvi zvinosiyana gutsaruzhinji, humanistic wezwi hwakada kufanana dzinoitwa mabasa dzinoratidzwa panguva nesimba basa iroro nguva munyori dzakasiyana-siyana zvenhoroondo dzekare. Asi munguva dzino pane rupawo pane pfungwa yakananga kuti nhoroondo Bourgeois nesayenzi. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nguva pane Feuchtwanger pfungwa mberi zvenhoroondo sezvo hondo Rumhangapanga uye chikonzero, izvozvo vakarerutsa basa vanhu, richiratidzwa dzimwe nguva subjectivity.

mugovanisi realism

Kubva mugovanisi realism kuti Danho idzva, iro rinobvisa nhoroondo Genre mune mabhuku. uzivi ake nharo kuti nhau kuvapo ndiye seboka okugadzira zvinhu vanhu, saka mabhuku panguva iyoyo aiva ose ezvinhu kuti kukura kunobva mirawu historicism. Nenzira iyi yava kubudirira kunoshamisa zvabuda. Chinonyanya kukosha misoro vave mufananidzo chinokosha, akatendeuka epochs. Zviri kwese kuti nhoroondo mabhuku nguva chido makuru kunanga, yakakura. Somuenzaniso, mashoko yokufungidzira "Peter I" A. N. Tolstogo, unoratidza mufananidzo mutongi, asi panguva imwe chete, iyo inotaura pamusoro zvichaitirwa vanhu vedu panguva inokosha nguva kukura.

Yemisoro mikuru mabhuku eSoviet akanga hondo kuzorwa umambo, nomuzinda mugumo muna reRussia akura tsika, uye nguva wokugadzirira chimurenga nokurondedzerwa naye. By dzakaitika mabhuku zvikuru nderaMwari akasika M. basa Gorky kuti "Upenyu Klim Samgin" MA Sholokhov - "Akanyarara Kunoyerera kuti Don", AN NdiTolstoy - "The Road kuKarivhari" uye vamwe.

Nhasi kwakakurumbira chaizvo ndiyo nhoroondo chakavanzika - a Genre anomirirwa nemabasa Boris Akunin, Umberto Eco, Agatha Christie, Alexander Bushkova nevamwe.