Mashoko usashanda uye neologisms: mienzaniso. Archaisms uye neologisms muna Russian

mutauro Russian ane nokusingaperi-chinja Mutauro: vamwe kare kazhinji zvakajairika shanduro zvino kashoma kushandiswa, uye mumwe, nekusiyana, vari kuwedzera kushandiswa nesu. Mienzaniso mashoko usashanda uye neologisms izhinji, izvo zvinoratidza kukura mutauro.

Similar mananara vari chokuita zvikuru kuchinja vanhu: shoko idzva kunoitika pamwe chidzoke itsva pfungwa, uye kana vanhu usatsaukira kune zvimwe chinhu kana chiitiko, hazvina harishandisi shoko rinoshandiswa kunan'anura nayo. Munyaya ino tichakurukura mashoko usashanda uye neologisms, mienzaniso kushandiswa dzavo, marudzi uye unhu.

Zvisingachashandi Mashoko: tsananguro

Zvisingachashandi mashoko - wakadaro kuti pane imwe nguva kana chaizvo kashoma kushandiswa kana kwete kushandiswa zvachose (semuenzaniso, kurudyi, mwana wangu, Red, miromo, commissar).

Obsolescence mashoko - iri chichiitwa, saka, pfungwa dzakasiyana zvingava panguva mumatanho akasiyana. Achiri asina asunungurwa kubva kushingaira kushandiswa, asi akashandisa zvishoma kazhinji pane kare, shoko rinotaurwa se "mutauro wekare".

Neologisms uye archaisms zvinoshandiswa zvinangwa zvakasiyana. Ekupedzisira anoshandiswa Somuenzaniso, kutumidza zvinhu uye mananara, kureva kuita nominative nerevane (somuenzaniso, zvesayenzi uye zvakaitika kare mabasa). In mabasa ingano pakubata nhoroondo dzinotaura, mashoko akadai anobatsira nominative-manyorero basa - kwete chete anoshanda kuziva imwe chaizvoizvo, asi pave mumwe yeshoko yaitonga.

Ari mabhuku chinyorwa yechinyakare Mashoko anogona kushandiswa anoratidza nguva chiito kunoitika. Archaisms (uye neologisms) dzingava chaiko manyorero chinangwa. Zvisingachashandi Mashoko kupa mashoko reungano dzakatarwa, senzira okuti.

Neologisms: kuongorora

Tipindure mubvunzo kuti chii neologisms, mienzaniso uye edza kuti vatungamirire. Ava itsva, havasati vava hwemazuva uye nomuzikamwi mashoko. sezvamunoita kwavo dzichichinja, vamwe neologisms midzi mumutauro wokuRussia, nepo vamwe - kwete. Saka, shoko rokuti "Satellite" iri pakati pezana remakore rechi20 ndiro neologism. Gore negore, zvinobudisa nhau vaishandisa makumi ezviuru mashoko matsva uye pfungwa, asi kwete vose vari kushandiswa nezuva. Vamwe anoshandiswa kamwe chete kutaura kana vamwe rugwaro, uye vamwe vanobatanidzwa murwiyo uye mutauro, sezvo kushandiswa kakawanda, vanorasikirwa utsva yavo. Vamwe mashoko matsva, kukundikana kunyange kupinda huru lexical mari, pakarepo akawira kubva kushandiswa uye uchitova zvisingachashandi (mugumisiro wakadaro Somuenzaniso, mutauro post-echimurenga makore: rokumanikidzirwa dzidzo, zhendelegatka, delovod, kerenki).

Nzira mashoko matsva

Mashoko usashanda uye neologisms mutauro Russian - munhu anonakidza zvikuru chinoshamisa. Kunyanya kuziva kuziva sei pane pfungwa itsva. Zvaitika munzira dzakawanda:

- paumbwe lexical neologism (itsva izwi) kubva huripo mumutauro morphemes uye mashoko ari iripo yokutevedzera: Drywall, kutyaira, imwe Manyiminya faibha;

- nokukwereta imwe shoko haizopereri inotungamirwa yake mutauro mutsva kuti yaivapo yemashoko neshoko inotungamirwa: yacho scanner, scan tarisei;

- nokuumbwa itsva lexical zvinorehwa kumbova izwi iri mutauro (mu pfungwa iyi yeshoko zvinonzi kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro neologisms), zvaibva, kusanganisira kuburikidza yokuronda zvadzaireva mashoko mune mumwe mutauro: mbeva - mudziyo uyu kombiyuta chiyamuro ruzivo, uye mhuka; Winchester - mudziyo ichi kuchengeta mashoko nekombiyuta, uye pfuti;

- paumbwe dzimwe anofambidzana kugadzikana pamwe ukoshi mutsva (kusanganisira zvisaririra): motherboard, chakaoma tikachirega.

Archaisms uye historicism

Pakati disused Mutauro kwadzo archaisms uye historicism. Mashoko usashanda uye neologisms, mienzaniso iyo akarongwa munyaya ino, vane yakasiyana mugumo.

It anosarudza kushandisa kwavo pakutaura, kwete "zera": inonzi, pfungwa zvinokosha zvinokosha uye mashoko regai Zera kwemazana emakore, nepo vamwe vari chaizvo kutsanya archaizing, isu kurega kushandisa navo sezvo zvinhu pachavo, humboo akataura mashoko zvachose. Somuenzaniso, dzidzo maitiro munyika yedu yachinja, uye saka kutaura aenda, mazwi akadai inotonhorera vahosi, Institute for Noble Rwevasikana wokuchikoro, muiti wechokwadi (mu zvinoreva "chikoro chesekondari mudzidzi").

Pfungwa yokuti 'historicism "

Vashandi mazita akanyangarika pfungwa, zvinhu uye mananara kutaura inonzi historicism. Zvose pamusoro mashoko anotaura kwavari. Mashoko aya anogara mumutauro wedu, nzvimbo inokosha, sezvo vari zviratidzo chete sharuka zvinhu. In historicism, saka, hapana anoreva zvakafanana. In mabasa ounyanzvi, nhoroondo mabhuku, ivo vaizongoguma kushandisa kare vanhu, sezvo ivo dzinoita patsva yeshoko imwe panguva. Mashoko aya anopa zvechadenga nhoroondo rakavimbika rondedzero rapfuura.

Saka, historicism - mashoko isu kupera kushandiswa nokuti kuti kumiririra Chiitiko vakanyangarika uye zvinhu: jasi, bursa, posadnik. Ivo anoshandiswa kunyanya mumagwaro siyana achirondedzera kare (zvose zvinoyevedza uye zvesayenzi).

Pfungwa yokuti 'archaism "

Archaisms - mashoko vawira kungotarisa kumucheto nokuti akataura, raivapo uye nhasi mananara, zvinhu uye pfungwa pane mazita matsva. Musiyano wemarudzi akasiyana navo, zvichienderana worudzii chokuita neshoko riri kubva musi:

- lexical, kana shoko riri kubva zuva uye haachatyi anoshandisa ruzha-tsamba yakaoma, uye mutengo zvino akataura itsva chairema mashoko akashandiswa;

- kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro - panyaya apo shoko aripo, asi akarasikirwa vamwe kukosha kana kupfuura vavo ( "dumbu ubvise") mumutauro ano;

- phonetic - kana kushandura chimiro kurira izwi, zvinoratidzwa kunyora kwake ( "makore gumi nemasere");

- Shoko-inotungamirwa - apo zvisingachashandi pacharo derivational maumbirwo shoko ( "dzichingochururuka muchetura");

- girama - kana kubva kushandiswa zvimwe girama siyana.

Archaisms chinhu chaizvoizvo kubva historicism hapana zvakasiyana. Kana zvapedzisira - Mazita dzimwe nyaya vakwegura, kutanga - vakura mazita zvakafanana pfungwa uye mananara kuti tinosangana muupenyu.

marudzi archaisms

Pakati archaisms nekusiyanisa mapoka chaiwo mashoko. Vamwe vavo zvakasiyana zvavo inowanzoshandiswa anoreva zvakafanana maduramazwi Mumagazini inzwi, inzwi anofambidzana nepolnoglasnymi (vaduku - old, ndarama - ndarama, guta - chimvuramabwe Beach - Breg, rarira - Vrana, shoko yechipiri muna mashoko maviri kuridza zvekare). Mashoko aya anonzi isashanda phonetic archaisms. Izvi zvinosanganisira mashoko akadai klob (kirabhu ano Mutauro) vakaverengwa (nhamba), Stora (chidzitiro), goshpital (chipatara) uye mamwe mashoko nderechinyakare uye zvikamu zvemashoko ari mutauro Russian, iyo inogona kuwanikwa vanyori uye vadetembi remakore rechi19. From "vorongerwa" zvavo, kazhinji yakasiyana neyakanaka chete, kanenge - vashoma vavo usingachashandi kana madudziro emazwi.

Sezvaunogona kuona kubva pamienzaniso, disused mashoko rakasiyana mwero ayo zvekare: mamwe mashoko dzichiri kushandiswa kutaura, zvakadai vadetembi, uye vamwe vanozivikanwa nesu chete pamusoro mabasa mabhuku remakore rapfuura. Kune avo nhasi anoita akangamwa.

A anonakidza Fani - the archaism vamwe zvinorehwa neshoko.

Mubayiro ndiro chidzoke nezvahunonyatsoreva, kana kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro, archaisms, kureva mashoko anoshandiswa nenzira zvisingachashandi, kujairika kwatiri. ruzivo rwavo rinobatsira kunzwisisa mutauro dzekare mabhuku kwechokwadi.

Sei neologisms

Takatodzidza akapindura mubvunzo pamusoro chii neologisms, mienzaniso zvakanga zvakataurwa nesu pamusoro. Zvino tinoona kuti havana kuonekwa mumutauro weRussia. Chii chinouya nekukurumidza; archaisms uye neologisms? Ngatimbotaurei zvazviri.

Mwero pakuonekwa akadaro akasiyana akaturikidzana kwemashoko, zvisingachashandi mashoko uye neologisms, mienzaniso zviri wakatangwa munyaya ino. Zvikuru kwazvo uye anomhanya chaizvo chirongwa replenishment mutauro mutsva lexical sezvamunoita. Mumakore achangopfuura, anenge 15-20 makore, yakachinjwa zvikuru munhoroondo nyika yedu, uko kunoratidzwa zvakananga mamiriro Russian nemashoko. By neologisms kuti akazviratidza panguva ino, zvinosanganisira dzidzo yakadaro, izvo haana kurarama asati, kwete chete mumutauro chaiko, asiwo dzimwe nzvimbo dzose kushandiswa kwayo (miganhu uye magariro tumitauro, dzichipfekeka zvekunyanyisa). Chete chete kugadzirisa ari mashoko yaisanganisira mashoko akadai Agrobank (kureva nyika kubhengi), corporatization (kuchinja mu vadyi wemari boka wehurumende emakambani kuburikidza issuance uye kutengeswa mumatanda siyana), kero (anotaurirwa chaicho boka revanhu), antirynochnik (kureva iitike mupikisi pamusika upfumi), uyewo hyperinflation (mitengo, munhu kukura nokukurumidza uye kutyisidzira upfumi kuparara) nevamwe.

marudzi neologisms

Sezvaunogona kuona, zvisingachashandi mashoko rinosiyaniswa neologisms. New Mutauro zvidzidzo ayo formedness ndiwo kana mashoko chete (lesseeship, Anti-Stalinism, audiotape, ATM, chikwata) kana remubatanidzwa mazita (UFO - UFO, urombo mutsetse - pamwero wakadini chavagari, ichipa shomanana kudyiwa chikuru zvinhu).

neologisms kwakadaro vanoonekwa kuti lexical. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa pano chomutsara kuti uchangobva zvichiitika inogona kuenderera mubatanidzwa mashoko, somuenzaniso: vakwanise muchina wokudhinda (kureva, kutanga mamwe kudhinda mari mapepa, iyo isina inopiwa pagadzirwe fuma), akusungirire noodles pamusoro nenzeve (zvichireva 'kusuma munhu wokutsauka " ) uye vamwe.

Lexical uye phraseological neologisms vari idioms, remubatanidzwa mashoko uye mashoko.

mapoka mana neologisms

Sezvaunogona kuona, mashandiro anoita mashoko usashanda uye neologisms zvakasiyana. On basa yokutanga hatina kare kutaurwa. All mashoko matsva ari chinangwa chinogona kukamurwa mapoka mana makuru.

Wokutanga izvi zvinosanganisira mazita pfungwa uye chokwadi, izvo kwokutanga muupenyu vanhu hariko: vamutsidziri - vateveri Russian ekunyebera nyika kufamba, vachitsvaka ndiponesezve ayo ngaakubvumirei - vamwe kwaanoita, anomirira rudzi kutsigira zvimwe zvemari kuti kwesainzi uye nevamwe.

The boka chechipiri neologisms zvakasikwa kurondedzera zviitiko kutoitika muupenyu paruzhinji, asi haana kugamuchira vamwe chikonzero, zvakadai pfungwa, mazita avo: vozvraschenets - nokuzvidira vadzoka kubva kuutapwa kunyika yokumusha kwavo, non-zvaakatonga - riri kunze zvekufamba, Lenin, murayiro-bureaucratic and unto.

The boka rechitatu inoumbwa achinongedzera chokwadi, muupenyu chaihwo havapo, asi zvinoita mune muchimuka projected iri pakuzadzisa zvemichina nesayenzi: spaceship, chando zvenyukireya, mumwe Cyborg.

Wechina uye pakupedzisira boka zvinosanganisira lexical zvinhu, kutevedzera mashoko imwe lexical zvaanoreva. Izvi zvinosanganisira ideographic (yakazara) anoreva zvakafanana, akafanana ruvara uye manyorero ukoshi: zvakadzama - weighted, statist - statists, nhoroondo - yenhamo, anenge pavaishanda basa subservience - paakabvunzwa.

Mezhstilevaya uye yaingowanikwa mumwe werudzii pakutaura, neologisms

Neologisms okushandisa mumunda vari mezhstilevaya kunyanya, kuti rinoshandiswa zvose okuruka kutaura (Intergirl, mufananidzo, nyaya, yogati, asingachaiti, zvakawanda-gutsaruzhinji, kutengesa zvinodhaka, Inter-bhengi). Zvisinei, mumwe mugove wavo chairwo maitiro: publicistic (kuipa, rollback, zvinodhaka ishe, integrator, nepakati), Scientific (biolokator Aura, ozone gomba, radioecology, clone) bhizimisi (munyengeri depositary dzinongoitika chindingindingi) kana kutaurwa (xero, tsvina, mari, munyengeri, munyama, kusvinwa).

We akapindura mubvunzo pamusoro pane mashoko usashanda uye neologisms. Mienzaniso izvi zvinogona kuguma zvakasiyana chaizvo, munyaya ino vakaverengwa chete vamwe vavo. Kutaura zvazviri, vaya uye nevamwe vanomiririra mutauro chinokosha muviri. Panotova chaiwo maduramazwi, unogona kuwana mamwe mienzaniso mashoko usashanda uye neologisms.