KwechiSlavonic mashoko. Old mutauro kwechiSlavonic. kwechiSlavonic tsamba

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinofadza mutauro akafa - mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic. Words kuti vaiva chikamu mashoko ake, girama mitemo, kunyange vamwe phonetic peculiarities uye arufabheti akava nemhaka Russian ano. Ngatimboonai kuti mhando mutauro, kana uye sei yakatanga, uye kana ari kushandiswa nhasi uye mune zvipi.

Uyewo kutaura chii zviri kudzidzwa mu Africa, uyewo taura kupfuura akakurumbira uye zvinokosha mabasa kuna Cyrillic arufabheti uye Old Church kwechiSlavonic girama. Ngativayeukei tiri pamusoro Cyril naMethodius, anozivikanwa munyika yose kuTesaronika hama.

tsananguro

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kwemazana emakore masayendisiti ngwarira mutauro uyu, kudzidza Old kwechiSlavonic arufabheti uye nhoroondo yaro kukura, mashoko pamusoro hazvina kudaro zvikuru. Kana girama uye phonetic nemamiriro mutauro, lexical mamiriro zvakawanda kana zvishoma adzidza, ipapo zvose nezvemamiriro ayo mavambo, achiri nemibvunzo.

Izvi kunobva pakuti creators yacho manyorero kana haana kuchengeta zvinyorwa nezvebasa ravo, kana muri zvinyorwa izvi uye zvose zvakaiswa arasika kwenguva. Kudzidza mutauro wakanyorwa kupfuura hwakadzama akatanga emakore mashoma, kana pasina munhu aigona kutaura zvechokwadi kuti mutauro mhando akava hwaro mutauro wakanyorwa.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mutauro uyu artificially akasikwa pachishandiswa tumitauro mutauro Bulgarian ari IX remakore uye yaishandiswa pamusoro munharaunda Russia kwemazana emakore.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mune dzimwe manyuko unogona kuwana zita rakafanana nerokuti mutauro - Church. Izvi imhaka ndechokuti kwaita mabhuku Russia ine chokuita nechechi. Pakutanga, chechi yaiva mabhuku: rakashandurwa mabhuku, minyengetero, mifananidzo, uye akasika magwaro chepakutanga. Uyezve, mutauro kunotaridzwa akagarwa chete nevanhu, vakuru vechechi.

Gare gare, pamwe pave mutauro netsika, vakasvika yokutsiva Old Church kwechiSlavonic Old mutauro Russian, izvo rinovimba zvikuru nowakautangira. Zvino vakakomba XII remakore.

Asi kwechiSlavonic tsamba yakasvika nesu zvachose chawaitwa, uye tinoshandisa nayo nanhasi. Tinoshandisa uye zvivakamutauro ezvinhu, iyo yakatanga kubuda pamberi mutauro wekare.

shanduro kusikwa

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic chikwereti chacho chitarisiko kuna Cyril naMethodius. Uye ndicho mashoko yatinowana mabhuku ose ari munhoroondo mutauro uye mabhuku.

Hama akamisa pahwaro rimwe necheSalvic nendimi Thessaloniki idzva manyorero. Izvi zvakaitwa zvikurukuru kushandura ndima yomuBhaibheri uye minyengetero muchechi necheSalvic mutauro.

Asi pane dzimwe shanduro kwakabva mutauro. Saka, I. Yagitch aidavira kuti nheyo Old Church akava mumwe tumitauro mutauro wokuMacedonia.

Panewo dzidziso yokuti hwaro chinyorero mutsva akanga Bulgarian. It akaisa mberi P. Safarik. Aifunga kuti mutauro anofanira kunzi Old Bulgarian, kwete Old Church. Kusvikira zvino, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vari vasingabvumirani pamusoro nyaya.

Zviya, kusvikira zvino Bulgarian nyanzvi dzemitauro vanotenda kuti tiri kufunga zviri Old mutauro Bulgarian haisi necheSalvic.

Tinogona kufungidzira kuti pane vamwe, zvishoma inonyatsozivikanwa dzidziso kwakabva mutauro, asi havana kana vakanga vasina munyaya masayendisiti, kana zvikasadaro zvavo kukundikana rakazara zvakaratidza.

Chero zvazvingava, akare kwechiSlavonic shoko rinogona kuwanikwa kwete bedzi Russian, Belarusian uye Ukrainian mitauro, asiwo Polish, Macedonian, Bulgarian uye zvimwe necheSalvic tumitauro. Saka, hurukuro dzokuti mitauro pedyo Old kwechiSlavonic, kashoma kuti nokusingaperi apera.

Tesaronika hama

The creators of Cyrillic uye Glagolitic - Kirill I Mefody - vaibva muguta reTesaronika, muGirisi. Hama vakaberekerwa mumhuri zvakanaka yakapfuma, saka vaikwanisa kuwana dzidzo yakanaka.

Elder mukoma - Michael - akaberekwa makore anenge 815. Paitsaurirwa mumongi akagamuchira zita Methodius.

Constantine aivawo muduku mumhuri uye akaberekwa makore anenge 826. Ndaiziva mitauro yokumwe, aiziva sayenzi chaiwo. Pasinei nokuti vakawanda vakafanotaura kwaari abudirire uye ramangwana kukuru, Constantine akasarudza kuenda mumakwara ake mukoma, uye akavawo mumongi, vachiwana zita Cyril. Akafa mugore 869.

Hama vari kushingaira mubasa chiKristu uye magwaro. Vave munyika dzakasiyana, vachiedza kuratidza vanhu shoko raMwari. Asi akabudisa nyika mbiri ndiwo Old kwechiSlavonic arufabheti.

Zvose hama dzakanga somusande. Mune dzimwe necheSalvic nyika May 24 vanopemberera zuva necheSalvic Wakanyorwa Language uye Culture (Russia uye Bulgaria). In Macedonia, nhasi riri vairemekedza Cyril naMethodius. Mumwe maviri necheSalvic nyika - Czech Republic uye Slovakia - vakatambura zororo iri musi July 5.

bumbiro maviri

Zvinonzi vakatenda kwechiSlavonic tsamba akasikwa mushure Greek Kujekerwa. Uyezve, akatanga maviri arufabheti - Glagolitic uye Cyrillic. A kumboongorora pavo.

First - Glagolitic. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti musiki ayo akanga Kirill I Mefody. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti arufabheti hahutsigirwi uye akasikwa kubva muvare. In Rus yekare 'Rakashandiswsa zvikuru kashoma, mune zvimwe zviitiko.

Wechipiri - the Cyrillic arufabheti. zvisikwa Its anonzi ndiye nehama vokuTesaronika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti hwaro arufabheti akabatwa tsamba mitemo Byzantine. Panguva iyoyo, mashoko Slavs okumabvazuva - Russian, Ukrainians uye kushandisa belorusy- of Old kwechiSlavonic arufabheti tsamba - kana panzvimbo, ndiko Cyrillic.

On wokuti chii orudzi bumbiro iri vakura, saka zviri zvakare hapana mhinduro yakajeka. Chero zvazvingava, kana tichifungidzira kuti zvose Cyrillic uye Glagolitic vakasikwa muTesaronika hama, musiyano nguva zvisikwa zvavo angangotadza pfuura gumi kusvika gumi apfuura.

I ainyorera Cyrillic?

Chimwe dzinonakidza chokwadi ndechokuti vamwe vaongorori vanodavira nhoroondo mutauro, iyo iri Russia rakanyorwa pamberi Cyril naMethodius. Kusimbiswa pfungwa iyi tenda "Veles Book", iro rakanyorwa kare Russian Magi pamberi kuitwa chiKristu. Panguva iyoyo haisati vaudzewo, mune chii remakore shongwe iyi chaiko akasikwa.

Uyezve, masayendisiti vanoti siyana zvinyorwa vafambi vekare vechiGiriki uye masayendisiti zvakanyorwa muchirumbidza kuvapo Slavs. It rinotaurwawo pamusoro zvibvumirano zviri akasaina namachinda vatengesi Byzantine.

Sezvineiwo, hapana ichiripo kwete chaizvo kutsunga, kana ichi ichokwadi, uye kana zvakadaro, chii chaizvo zvakanyorwa Russia pamberi chiKristu.

Kudzidza Old Church kwechiSlavonic

Nezveshoko kudzidza mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic, hazvisi chete ichifarirwa masayendisiti kudzidza munhoroondo mutauro, dialectology, asiwo masayendisiti slavyanistov.

Rinotanga zvidzidzo vake namapfumbamwe remakore kukura okufananidza-nhoroondo nzira. Hatizombofi kugara nyaya iyi, sezvo chokwadi, munhu vanza kwete vanoziva zvemutauro, mazita masayendisiti vanofarira uye aiziva. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti pahwaro tsvakurudzo zvakanzi aumba kupfuura bhuku, vazhinji vavo vari kushandiswa nokuda kudzidza nezvenhoroondo mutauro uye tumitauro.

Studies yakatanga dzidziso kukura mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic, kunyora mumaduramazwi mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic, akadzidza girama uye phonetics. Asi panguva imwe chete, kuchine unsolved zvakavanzika uye Puzzles Old kwechiSlavonic mutauro.

Uyewo, ndikupe mazita inozivikanwa maduramazwi uye mabhuku mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic. Zvichida mabhuku aya achava mubereko kwauri uye kuchakubatsira yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora munhoroondo tsika dzedu uye mabhuku.

Mabhuku dzakakurumbira yakapiwa nenyanzvi akadai Habugraev, Remneva, Elkin. mabhuku okuchikoro All vatatu vanonzi "Old mutauro Church kwechiSlavonic."

Pretty basa chaizvo dzesayenzi pakabudiswa A. Selishcheva. Iye agadzirira Tutorial rine zvikamu zviviri, kufukidza yose Old kwechiSlavonic mutauro hurongwa, rine haangogoni yokungotaura zvinhu, asi magwaro, mashoko, uyewo dzimwe nyaya pamusoro Morphology mutauro.

Interesting uye zvinhu vakazvipira kuTesaronika hama, nhoroondo arufabheti. Saka, muna 1930, yakabudiswa basa "Zvinhu pamusoro nhoroondo yekare necheSalvic Literature," rakanyorwa P. Lavrov.

No zvishoma zvinokosha, uye basa Shakhmatov, rakabudiswa muna Berlin muna 1908 - "Legend of pfungwa ine mabhuku mumutauro Slovenian." Muna 1855, nyika akaona monograph O. Bodyansky "Nenguva kwakabva necheSalvic kunyora."

Zvakanzi akanyora "Old Church kwechiSlavonic duramazwi," inobva muzvinyorwa X - XI emakore, iyo rakapepetwa R. uye R. Vecherka Zeitlin.

mabhuku ose aya kuzivikanwa. Kubva kwavari, kwete chete kunyora essays uye mishumo nhoroondo mutauro, asi kugadzirira basa zvikuru.

Old kwechiSlavonic mutauro rukoko

Zvikuru yakakura rechirwere mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic nhaka mutauro wokuRussia. KwechiSlavonic shoko zvikuru zvakasimba midzi mururimi rwavo yedu, uye nhasi tinogona kunyange kusiyanisa kubva epakuvamba Russian.

Chimbofunga mienzaniso mishoma kuti kunzwisisa sei staroslavyanizmy rakapinda zvikuru mumutauro wedu.

mazwi dzezvitendero vakadai "mupristi", "zvinenge", "Wand", akauya kwatiri kubva mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic, heano pfungwa chete uye zvakaoma, zvakadai se "simba", "njodzi", "mvumo".

Zvechokwadi, zvikuru staroslavyanizmy pachavo. Ngationei ndikupei zviratidzo shoma kuti zvinoratidza kuti shoko - staroslavyanizmy.

1. Kuvapo WHO-pamusoro mabhokisi uye chrez-. Somuenzaniso: dzoka, kunyanyisa.

2. zvinoumba chiratidzo nemashoko Mwari-, benign, greho-, uye dzimwe inotambudza. Somuenzaniso: zlonravie, kuwa.

2. Kuvapo suffix -stv-, -zn-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch- -yasch-. Akadai se: inopisa, kubvunda.

Zvaizoratidza sokuti tava dzakanyorwa mashomanana zviri kuzvibata staroslavyanizmy, asi iwe zvimwe regai kurangarira shoko rimwe chete anouya kwatiri kubva Old kwechiSlavonic.

Kana uchida kuziva kukosha Old kwechiSlavonic mashoko, tinogona mazano kutarisa chero duramazwi yomutauro wokuRussia. Zvinenge zvose vavo zvabatwa kukosha kwavo yepakutanga, pasinei kuti zvave kupfuura gumi.

Kushandiswa panguva ino Danho

Panguva iyoyo, mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic anodzidzwa mune mumayunivhesiti mune dzimwe pfungwa uye unyanzvi, uye rinoshandiswawo mumakereke.

Izvi imhaka yokuti Panguva ino kukura mutauro vaiona akafa. Kushandiswa Its zvinogoneka chete mukereke, sezvo minyengetero mizhinji zvakanyorwa mumutauro uyu. Uyezve, zvinokosha kuziva kuti magwaro okutanga akashandurwa chaizvo mumutauro Old kwechiSlavonic uye achiri kushandiswa sezvo kereke ndiko zana apfuura.

Nezveshoko nyika sayenzi, tinoona kuti chokwadi chokuti kwechiSlavonic mashoko ekare uye avo mumwe siyana zvinowanzotaurwa inowanikwa tumitauro. Izvi chinokwezva pfungwa dialectology, vachibvumira kuti kudzidza kukura mutauro, ayo munhu siyana uye tumitauro.

Vanotsvakurudza mutsika uye nhoroondo vanozivawo mutauro kuti, sezvo basa ravo riri zvakananga chokuita nokudzidza sezvivako yekare.

Pasinei neizvi, Panguva iyi mutauro vaiona akafa, nokuti pamusoro payo, uyewo chiLatin, chiGiriki, yava kare hapana anotaura, uye vamuzive mashoma.

Kushandiswa chechi

Pari yainyanya kushandiswa mutauro mukereke. Nokudaro, Old kwechiSlavonic munyengetero unogona kunzwiwa chero chechi yeOrthodox. Uyezve, zviri verenga uye zvinobva mudzidziso mabhuku chechi, Bhaibheri.

Panguva iyoyowo, tinoona zvakare kuti vakuru vechechi, vaduku seminarians, vadzidzi uyewo kudzidza mutauro uyu, ayo features, phonetics uye Graphics. Nhasi, mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic anonzi kuva mutauro yeChechi yeOrthodox.

The inozivikanwa zvikuru munyengetero kazhinji kuverenga pamusoro remutauro ichi - "Baba Vedu". Asi pachine zvakawanda minyengetero mumutauro Old kwechiSlavonic, izvo zvishoma kuzivikanwa. Unogona kudziwana chero yekare bhuku munamato, kana kunzwa, vachishanyira chechi dzose zvakafanana.

Kudzidza ari kuyunivhesiti

Old mutauro kwechiSlavonic zvevakomana chose zvikuru akadzidza kuyunivhesiti. Kuipawo Philology, munhoroondo, nomutemo. Mune dzimwe muzvikoro anogona kudzidza kuti vadzidzi uye vazivi.

Chirongwa kunosanganisira mavambo nyaya, Old kwechiSlavonic arufabheti, kunyanya phonetics, mashoko, girama. Nemarongerwo kunyatsogona.

Students kwete chete kudzidza mitemo, dzidza mashoko kunyengetedza, nekukatanura navo sechikamu pakutaura, asi verenga magwaro akanyorwa mumutauro uyu, edza kushandura navo uye kunzwisisa zvaanoreva.

Izvi zvose zvinoitwa kuti nechokwadi kuti nyanzvi dzemitauro aigona gare gare kushandisa ruzivo rwavo kudzidza vekare mabhuku pazvivako, peculiarities mutauro Russian yayo tumitauro.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti zvakaoma kudzidza mutauro kwechiSlavonic Old. Text zvakanyorwa pariri, zvakaoma kuverenga, nokuti zvakawanda archaisms kwete chete, asi tsamba pachavo kuverenga mitemo "Yat", "Eri" uye "VaEf" pakutanga zvakachengetwa nokutamburira.

Vadzidzi kare nemhaka nezivo vachakwanisa kudzidza yekare Zvivako uye tsika mabhuku, verenga magwaro nhoroondo yaMakoronike, kunzwisisa chaizvo yavo.

Izvi zvinoshandawo avo vari kudzidza kuti uzivi madhipatimendi, nomutemo.

Pasinei yokuti nhasi Old kwechiSlavonic - mutauro akafa, kufarira yave kupupira kubvira.

zvakawanikwa

Ndizvo hwaro yekare Old mutauro kwechiSlavonic, izvo zvaizoitawo chikatsiviwa mutauro wokuRussia. Old necheSalvic kwakabva shoko akaziva sezvo chizvarwa Russian.

A chinokosha muviri kwemashoko, phonetic features, East necheSalvic mitauro girama - izvi zvose wakaradzikwa panguva kukura uye kushandiswa mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic.

Old Church - pamutemo mumwe mutauro akafa, izvo Pari kukurukurirana vashumiri chechi chete. It akasikwa kare IX remakore, hama Cyril naMethodius, uye pakutanga kushandiswa shanduro uye kurekodha mabhuku chechi. Kutaura zvazviri, Old Church kwagara mutauro rakanyorwa, iro harina kutaurwa nevanhu.

Nhasi hatishandisi navo, asi panguva imwe chete chichiri kudzidzwa mune philological uye nhoroondo mano uye seminaries. Today kwechiSlavonic mashoko uye mutauro wekare unogona kunzwiwa kushanyirazve basa mukereke, nekuti zvose minyengetero mukereke Orthodox kuverenga pamusoro payo.