Cyrillic neGlagolitic. Cyrillic letters. Cyrillic neGlagolitic - ChiSlavic zvinyorwa

Irofabheti (Cyrillic neGlagolitic) inounganidza mune zvakanyatsorongeka zvezviratidzo zvose zvinoratidzira manzwi evanhu vemutauro wacho. Iyi sarudzo yezviratidzo zvakanyorwa yakagadzikana zvakasununguka munharaunda yevanhu vekare. IvaSlavic zvinyorwa zve "Glagolitic", zvichida, zvakasikwa kutanga. Chii chakavanzika chekuunganidza kwekare kwezviratidzo zvakanyorwa? Chii chaive cheGlagolitic neCyrillic? Ndezvipi zvinorehwa nevanyori vakuru? Nezve izvi zvakare.

Chakavanzika chemuitiro wezviratidzo zvakanyorwa

Sezvaunoziva, Cyrillic alfabheti uye maGlagolitic alfabheti ndiSlavic alphabets. Zita remusangano wacho rakawanikwa kubva ku "az" uye "beeches". Izvi zviratidzo zvakaratidza tsamba mbiri dzokutanga "A" uye "B". Inofanira kuonekwa zvakanyanya kufadza zvakaitika kare. Tsamba dzekare dzaive dzakatsvaira pamadziro. Ndiko kuti, zvose zviratidzo zvaimiririrwa nenzira ye graffiti. Munenge muzana ramakore rechigumi nemana, zviratidzo zvekutanga zvakaonekwa pamasvingo emachechi ePereslavl. Makumi maviri emakore gare gare maCyrillic alphabet (mifananidzo uye kududzira kwezviratidzo) yakanyorwa muSt. Sophia Cathedral muKiev.

Russian Cyrillic alphabet

Iko kunofanira kutaurwa kuti iyi mutsara yezviratidzo zvekare zvakanyorwa nhasi zvakare inofananidzwa zvakananga nechimiro chinonyanya kushandiswa chemutauro weRussia. Izvi zvinonyanya kubhadharwa nekuti kunyorwa kwakanaka kwemashoko ezuva ranhasi uye ekare kwakanga kusina kusiyana kwakasiyana, uye ose awo akanga asingakoshi. Mukuwedzera, inofanira kubhadhara mutero kumudziri wehurongwa - Constantine. Munyori wacho akanyatsocherechedza phonemic (inzwi) runyorwa rwekutaura kwekare. MuchiCyrillic alphabet, ini ndine mazita makuru. Zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana-zvepamusoro uye zviduku-pasi - zvakatanga kuziviswa naPeter muna 1710-m.

Main Signs

ICyrillic alphabet "az" ndiyo yekutanga. Akaratidza chirevo chokuti "Ini". Asi mudziyo unoreva chiratidzo ichi ishoko rokuti "pakutanga", "kutanga" kana "kutanga." Mune zvimwe zvinyorwa mumwe anogona kuwana "az", anoshandiswa muchirevo che "mumwe" (se nhamba). Tsamba yeCyrillic alphabet "beeches" chiratidzo chechipiri chechiratidzo chekuunganidza. Kusiyana ne "az", haina nhamba yemari. "Buki" ndiyo "kuva" kana kuti "kuva." Asi, sekutonga, chiratidzo ichi chakashandiswa munguva dzinouya. Somuenzaniso, "boudi" - "regai zvive," uye "zvichauya kana ramangwana" - "bouduschy." Cyrillic alphabet "Vedi" inoonekwa seimwe yezvinonyanya kufadza zvekusunganidzwa kwose. Ichi chiratidzo chinoenderana nhamba 2. "Vedi" ine zvinyorwa zvakawanda - "own", "zivo" uye "zivo."

Chikamu chepamusoro chetsika yezviratidzo zvakanyorwa

Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti vatsvakurudzi, vachidzidza zvinyorwa zvezviratidzo, vakasvika pakugumisa kuti vakanga vasinganzwisisiki uye vakanzwisisika, izvo zvakavabvumira kushandiswa zvakanyanya mukunyora kunyoresa. Mukuwedzera, chero Slav iri nyore, pasina zvinetso zvakakosha zvinogona kuzviratidza. Nyanzvi dzakawanda, panguva iyo, ona munhamba yehuwandu hwezviratidzo zvinyorwa zvekubatana uye katatu. Ndiyo munhu anofanirwa kuzviwana, achiedza kuziva chokwadi, akanaka uye chiedza.

Mharidzo yaKonstantine kuvana

Iko kunofanira kutaurwa kuti Cyrillic neGlagolitic yaiva chisikwa chinokosha. Constantine, pamwechete nemukoma wake Methodius, havana kungoita zviratidzo zvakanyorwa chete, asi vakasika ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana rwezivo, vachida kushingairira ruzivo, kukwana, rudo neuchenjeri, kudzivisa kuvenga, kutsamwa, godo, kusiya chiedza chete. Pane imwe nguva yaitenda kuti Cyrillic neGlagoliti zvakasikwa pamwe chete. Zvisinei, izvi zvakanga zvisina kudaro. Maererano nenhamba yezvinyorwa zvekare, Glagolitic yakava yekutanga. Yaiva iyi yekusanganiswa iyo yakatanga kushandiswa kushandura magwaro echechi.

Glagolitic uye Cyrillic. Kuenzanisa. Chokwadi

Cyrillic neGlagolitic zvakasikwa panguva dzakasiyana. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nemashoko akawanda. Glagolitsa, pamwe chete nechiGiriki, yakave chikonzero chekuunganidzazve kweCyrillic alphabet. Apo pavanodzidza kutanga kokutanga kwezviratidzo zvakanyorwa, masayendisiti anoona kuti pepa rehurukuro rinonyanya kushandisa (kunyanya, mukudzidza kwe "mapepa eKievchen" yezana remakore rechi10). Kunyange zvazvo Cyrillic alfabheti, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, inonyanya kufanana neyomazuva ano. Zvinyorwa zvekutanga zviri mufananidzo wemifananidzo yakajeka yezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvakanyorwa gore ra893-th uye dzinofananidzwa kune runyararo uye ruzivo rwechimiro chemutauro wevanhu vepasi vekare. Nokuda kwekare kare maGlagolitsian anoratidzwawo nemapalimpsest, ayo aiva magwaro echinyorwa, apo mabhuku ekare akanga akanyorwa uye imwe itsva yakanyorwa pamusoro. IGlagolitic yakatsvairwa kwose kwose mavari, uye ipapo Cyrillic alphabet yaiva yakanyorwa pamusoro payo. Hapana chimwe chepalimpsest chaiva chakasiyana.

Maitiro eChechi yeKaturike

Iko kune ruzivo mumabhuku ayo boka rokutanga rezviratidzo zvakanyorwa rakanyorwa naConstantine weProfessor mumagwaro ekare ekunyora. Pane pfungwa yokuti inogona kushandiswa nevaSlav muzvigaro zvepanyika uye zvitsvene chiKristu chisati chagamuchirwa. Asi zvisinei hapana uchapupu hweizvi, se, zvechokwadi, kusimbiswa kwekuvapo kwekunyora runic. Chechi yeKaturike Katurike, iyo yaipikisa kubata kwemashoko mumutauro weSlavic nokuda kweCroats, yakaratidza Glagolitic se "Gothic kunyora". Vamwe vashumiri vakapikisa pachena pachena nhoroondo itsva, vachiti yakagadzirwa nevahedheni Methodus, uyo "mutauro iwoyo weSlavonic akanyora zvinhu zvakawanda zvenhema pamusoro pekutenda kweKaturike."

Mufananidzo wezviratidzo

Tsamba dzeGlagolitic neCyrillic dzaive dzakasiyana kune imwe neimwe mumutsara wavo. Mune imwe nzira yakanyorwa yakanyorwa kare, kuonekwa kwezviratidzo mune dzimwe nguva zvinopindirana ne hutsuri (tsamba yeGeorgia, yakagadzirwa musati yazana remakore rechi9, zvichienderana, zvichida, yeAarmenian). Nhamba yemakadhi mune imwe uye mamwe mazita akasiyana-siyana - 38. Mamwe mavara ari oga uye iyo yose ye "dorisovyvaniya" maduku maduku kumigumo yemiganhu, kazhinji, ine chimiro chakafanana nechechiJudha chemazana emakore ekunyora maitiro uye "runic" Icelandic pakavanzika. Zvose izvi zvinogona kunge zvisingaiti zvachose, sezvo pane ruzivo rwaKonstantin weProfessor aiverenga magwaro echiHebheru ekare mumutauro wepakutanga, kureva kuti, aiziva ruzivo rweMabvazuva (izvi zvinotaurwa mu "hupenyu" hwake). Mutsara wezvinyorwa zvose zveGlagolitic, semutemo, unotorwa kubva muchiGiriki chekare. Kune zvisiri zvechiGiriki, zviratidzo zvechiJudha zvinoshandiswa. Asi panguva iyo kune zvishoma zvisiri zviratidzo zvezvakarurama uye zvakajeka zvitsanangudzo zvemafomu.

Mataka uye Kusiyana

ICyrillic alfabheti uye Glagolitic mumashanduriro avo ekare akafanana zvakafanana. Iko maumbirwo ezviratidzo zvakasiyana. Paunodzokorora zvakare typographic nzira yezvinyorwa zvemashoko, zviratidzo zvinotsiviwa neCyrillic. Izvi zvakakonzerwa zvikuru nekuti nhasi vashomanana vanogona kuziva chiremba chekare. Asi kana iwe ukatsiva imwe yerabheti kune imwe, nhamba dzenhamba dzetsamba hazvienzani. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, izvi zvinotungamirira mukusawirirana. Saka, somuenzaniso, muGlagolitic nhamba dzinofananidzwa nekuraira kwemashoko ivo pachavo, uye muCyrillic nhamba dzakasungirirwa kune avo vari muchiGiriki.

Kusarudzwa kwekare kare

Sekutonga, vanotaura nezvemhando mbiri dzekunyora kweGlagolitic. Iko kune "denderedzwa" yakakura, iyo inozivikanwawo se "Bulgarian", uye iyo inotevera "angular" kana "Croatian" (iyo inonzi yakatumidzwa nokuti yakashandiswa mukuita kwekunamatira mabasa neCroatia Katurike kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi20). Nhamba yevanhu varikupedzisira yakaderera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pamakumi maviri nemakumi matatu. Mukuwedzera, pakanga pane (pamwe chete nebhuku remabhuku) tsamba yechiratidzo. IGlagolitic muRussia yekare yakanga isingashandiswi - mune dzimwe nguva pane zvakasiyana "inclusions" yeGlagolitic zvinyorwa muCyrillic. Tsamba yekare yaive inotarisirwa kuendeswa mberi (kutumirwa) kwemachechi echechi, uye kupararira kwemaziso ekutanga eRussia tsamba yeimba kusvikira nguva yekugamuchirwa kwechiKristu (iyo yakanyorwa kare ndeyekunyorwa kwehafu yezana remakore rechi10 pombi, yakawanikwa paGenidovo Hill) iri cyrillic .

Mafungiro ezvinyorwa pamusoro pekutanga kwekusika kwekunyorwa kwekare

Mukutsigira chokwadi chokuti Cyrillic neGlagolitic zvakasikwa panguva dzakasiyana, zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinotaurwa. Munyaya iyi, yekutanga yakasikwa maererano neshoko rechipiri. Yakave yekare yakave yakagadzirwa netsamba yeSlavki yakaumbwa neGlagolitic. Gare gare anowana mamwe magwaro akaoma. Zvinyorwa zveCyrillic, zvakare, nokuti zviratidzo zvakawanda zvakanyorwa kubva kuGlagolitic. Mune gwaro rekutanga, kupereta nemashizha zvinowanikwa nenzira yakakwana. Apo kuongorora magwaro akanyorwa nemaoko, munhu anogona kuona kutarisana kwakananga kweCyrillic alphabet pane tsamba yeGlagolitic. Nokudaro, tsamba dzekupedzisira dzakashandurwa netsamba dzechiGiriki dzenzwi rakafanana . Chronological zvikanganiso zvinowanikwa pavanodzidza mamwe magwaro emazuva ano. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti Cyrillic neGlagolitic zvinotarisira nzira yakasiyana yekuverenga nhamba. Nhamba dzenhamba dzekutanga dzaive dzakatarisana nekunyora kwechiGiriki.

Ndeipi maitiro ezviratidzo zvakanyorwa akaita Constantine?

Maererano navamwe vanyori vaitenda kuti Mufirosofi akatanga kunyora Glagolitic, uye ipapo, achibatsirwa nehama yake Methodius, iyo Cyrillic alphabet. Zvisinei, kune ruzivo runodzokorora izvi. Constantine aiziva uye aifarira zvikuru mutauro wechiGiriki. Mukuwedzera, akanga ari mumishinari weOrthodox Eastern Church. Panguva iyoyo, basa rake raiva rokukwevera vanhu veSlavic kukereke yechiGiriki. Panyaya iyi, kwaari kwaisava nechinangwa kuronga nzira yakanyorwa iyo inoparadzanisa vanhu, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti vanhu vanzwisise uye vanzwisise Magwaro neavo vaitaura mutauro wechiGiriki. Mushure mekusikwa kwenyika itsva, yakanyanyisa yakanyorwa yakanyorwa, zvakanga zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti tsamba yekare yekare yaizova yakakurumbira. Cyrillic alphabet yakanga inonzwisisika, yakajeka, yakanaka uye yakajeka. Zvaiva nyore kuvanhu vazhinji. Kunyange zvazvo Glagoliti yaiva nechinangwa chakanyanyisa uye yakanga ichifanirwa kududzira mabhuku matsvene ezvinyorwa. Zvose izvi zvinoratidza kuti Konstantin akanga ari mubato rekugadzirisa hurongwa hwechiGiriki. Uye gare gare chiCyrillic alfabheti, senzira iri nyore uye yakajeka, yakatsiva mazita echiGlagolitic.

Maonero evamwe vatsvakurudzi

Sreznevsky muna 1848 akanyora mubhuku rake kuti, kana uchitarisa hunyanzvi hwezvizhinji zveGlagolik zviratidzo, munhu anogona kugumisa: iyi tsamba inonyanya kushandiswa, uye Cyrillic alfabheti yakazara zvakakwana. Ukama hwemakomba aya hunogona kutevedzwa mune imwe nzira yematsamba, inzwi. Asi panguva imwecheteyo chiCyrillic alphabet yakava nyore uye yakakodzera. Muna 1766, Count Klement Grubisic yakabudisa bhuku pamusoro pezvakabva maitiro ezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Mune basa rake munyori anotaura kuti Glagolitic yakasikwa nguva refu Krisimasi isati yasvika uye naizvozvo ndiyo yakakura yakawanda yezviratidzo kupfuura Cyrillic alphabet. Munenge muna 1640, Rafail Lenakovich akanyora "kukurukurirana", kwaanoti inenge chinhu chakafanana neGrubisich, asi anenge makore 125 apfuura. Kunewo zvakare zvinyorwa zveChernoriz Khrabra (kutanga kwezana remakore rechi10). Mubasa rake On Inscriptions, anosimbisa kuti Cyrillic alfabheti uye Glagolitic dzine kusiyana kukuru. Mune magwaro ake, Chernoriz Hrabr anopupurira kusagutsikana kuripo nehurongwa hwezviratidzo zvakanyorwa zvakagadzirwa nehama Constantine naMethodius. Panguva imwecheteyo, munyori akanyatsojekesa kuti yaiva Cyrillic, uye kwete Glagolitic, achitaura nezvekuti yekutanga yakasikwa isati yasvika. Vamwe vevanotsvakurudza, vachiongorora zvinyorwa zveimwe zviratidzo ("uh", somuenzaniso), ita zvimwe kunze kwezvakataurwa zvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Saka, maererano nevamwe vanyori, kutanga kweCyrillic alfabheti yakasikwa, uye chete ipapo Glagolitic.

Mhedziso

Pasinei nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemakakatanwa pamusoro pekuoneka kweGlagolitic neCyrillic alphabets, kukosha kwehurongwa hwakanyorwa hwezviratidzo zvakanyorwa zvikuru. Kutenda kuonekwa kwekusanganiswa kwezviratidzo zvakanyorwa, vanhu vakakwanisa kuverenga nokunyora. Mukuwedzera, kusikwa kwehamaConstantine naMethodius yaiva chinhu chinokosha chezivo. Pamwe pamwe nemabhaibheri, rurimi rwemavara rwakatangwa. Mashoko mazhinji uye nhasi anowanikwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yakasanganiswa - Russian, Bulgarian, Chiukraine nedzimwe mitauro. Pamwe chete nemitemo itsva yezviratidzo zvakanyorwa, maonero evanhu vekare akashandura - nokuti kusikwa kwechiSlavic zvinyorwa zvakabatana nekugamuchirwa nekuparidzirwa kwekutenda kwechiKristu, kuregererwa kwezvitendero zvekare zvekare.