Marudzi zvipenyu bereka. Table rutoto marudzi

Mano zvipenyu zvichiberekana pachake mhando yavo inonzi kubereka. Saka majini zvinhu zviri kune vana uye vabereki unhu pakawanda, uye akazviratidza kuzivikanwa sezvo chikamu zvinenge.

Types kuberekana

Masayendisiti akaratidza huru mbiri dzokunamata kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu. Zvinogona zvounzenza kana asexually. In aimbova nyaya, playback anofanira vana 2 specimens, uye yechipiri mumwe chete zvakakwana.

Kana asexual kubereka mumwe muviri mutsva chinovapo mumasero somatic. Zvakasikwa, pane nzira dzakawanda dzizoberekana pasina nhengo dzakavandika. Izvi zvinosanganisira cloning, yotunga, kusabatana, sporulation, nokupesana, cloning.

In pabonde kubereka, zvinenge itsva vape- kwemapazi masero kushandiswa dzokubereka inonzi gametes, uye haizopereri paumbwe zygote. Nzira iyi zvikuru mberi sezvo ichienzaniswa asexually.

Enzanisa kubatsirwa

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vaviri nzira dzizoberekana vane dzavo zvakanaka. Somuenzaniso, pane zvinotevera zvakanakira zvipenyu asexual kubereka:

• kukwanisa kutamba kuchikosha nhamba yevanhu;
• mwana afanane mubereki Nhengo dzose nhandare.

Nzira iyi kubereka vanhu vatsva zvinoita kuti ukurumidze kuwana vakawanda vana. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti mhando kuti vararame kugara ezvinhu. It anokurumidza, vazhinji uye yakarurama kubereka emakopi rwaamai muviri ndiwo zvinoreva asexual kubereka. Nzira iyi kubudisa vana kuposha zvinomera uye majemusi.

Asi pabonde kubereka cho ruzhinji zvipenyu. It anokwanisa nechokwadi majini kusiyana pakati subsidiaries vakawana specimens. Kunoitawo kuti nokukurumidza ajairane Zvichidiwa zvoupenyu. Zvechokwadi, panguva nokuumbwa itsva mubatanidzwa majini ane muviri kunoitika vabereki.

Mhando asexual kubereka vana

Pane nzira dzakawanda kuti vemumapato zvinenge pasina utachiona masero. Zvavo kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu. Kubereka, mhando chikamu zvipenyu umo haachinji, dzinogona kunobva kupatsanura masero mumwe kana kupfuura.

Kana wokutanga oga siyana akadai:

• Single kana muuzhinji (schizogony) Sero nokupesana;
• sporulation;
• celled yotunga.

Kana vachigoverana sero boka kupatsanura rinoitwa sezvinotevera:

• kusabatana;
• yotunga zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona (semuenzaniso, hydra).

Mumwe nomumwe kwemarudzi aya asexual kubereka ine maitiro ayo.

siyana kubereka

Nyore nzira ndiyo inoda kupesana. It ndizvo vazhinji nyore. Mienzaniso asexual chokuwanziridza kubudikidza binary fission: amoeba, ciliates patapata euglena zvakasvibirira.

Kwakapararira vaiona sporulation. Ndiwo maitiro dzinenge zvose zvinomera, notumwe vamwe nyore prokaryotic Utachiona (semuenzaniso utachiona kana zvitema-rwegirini algae).

Wandei unicellular uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona, pane chimiro zvakadai maberekero, kufanana yotunga. Izvi zvinoitika sezvinotevera: dhumhira ikaonekwa muviri kwaamai, izvo anowedzera kukura. In chete ipapo kutanga zvomukati zvose. Kana muitiro terminates, yotunga kunoitika. Izvi kubereka nzira inoshandiswa coelenterates (hydra), unicellular (mbiriso, dzimwe mhando ciliates).

Asi mumwe anogona kumbotipa dzimwe mienzaniso asexual kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu. Saka, musakanganwa pamusoro kusabatana. In iyi, mubereki wacho rakakamurwa akawanda nhengo. Kubva nomumwe wavo makaumba muviri mutsva. Somuenzaniso, filamentous algae Spirogyra rinogona kutyorwa chero nzvimbo. Zvikamu zviviri mune ramangwana vachagamuchira muviri mutsva maviri.

For miti dzinoratidzwa vegetative kupararira. Maererano nheyo kwemasayendisiti haina kwakasiyana yotunga kana kusabatana. Chirimwa zvingaite anokosha hurongwa zvakakodzera kuti kubereka. The chidzoke munhu chikamu chomuviri chikamu zvinogoneka chete rwaamai muviri.

syngenesis

Most zvinhu zvipenyu kuzvibereka pachavo zvinenge Nekubatanidza majini zvinhu vanhu vaviri. Kuti izvi zviitike, gametes maviri kubatanidza, uye mugumisiro chinhu diploid zygote. Kukura muviri wayo mutsva yakazara kwaanoda. Forms pabonde kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu inozivikanwa vamwe maruva miti, mhuka dzakawanda uye Chokwadi, murume.

Gametes muri mhando mbiri - munhurume nomunhukadzi. Kana chimiro ari dioecious, mumwe nomumwe sero mhando vanowanika azvaitwa vechirume vanhu. Vamwe zvinenge kubereka zvose mhando gametes tisingatungamirirwi. Muchiitiko ichi vanodanwa hermaphrodites.

Zvinogonekawo pabonde kubereka umo gametes zvisina zvinobatanidzwa. Izvi mhando dzakadai conjugation, gametangiogamiya, apogamy, gologamiya.

Muitiro wokuberekana

Utachiona All akaumbwa masero. kukura kwavo uye kukura zvinogoneka nokuti kuti vari kuramba kuburitswa. Mumakore upenyu muchitokisi vemazera uye anofa. Vakatsiviwa vamwe vauye. Nzira bedzi kubereka masero matsva ndiwo weboka zvavo vamutangira. Ichi chinhu chinokosha muitiro kuti chisikwa chipenyu chipi. Somuenzaniso, muna muviri wose wechipiri rakakamurwa mamiriyoni akawanda vezvikwata izvi.

Vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu zvinorondedzerwa nzira nhatu foni kuwanda. Direct nekupesana inonzi amitosis, zvisina kunanga - mitosis, zvinoderedza - meiosis. Zvisinei chimiro kubereka rezvinhu zvipenyu, nerimwe kusanganisira mashoko ndokuyerera pezvakaitwa.

Amitosis uye mitosis

Muduku zvakafanana uye havaratidzi vakadzidza sero nokupesana kwacho ndiko amitosis. In iyi, chinoumba yakakamurwa kuva constriction. Panguva iyoyowo kuitira yunifomu kugovera majini zvinhu hazvibviri. Sero yakakamurwa amitosis, kazhinji, haagoni kuramba kuita nguva dzose kutenderera mitosis. Saka, zviri vaiona kuti akatongerwa kuparadzwa.

nzira Universal wokuberekana mumasero eukaryotic ndiyo mitosis. Mumasero mhuka wakapfuura, kazhinji kweawa. Usarerutsa ukoshi zvipenyu kubereka, nokuti nekuvongwa iye, isu akapa kukura uye kukura zvipenyu zvose.

mitosis

The kutevedzana kwezviitiko pezvakaitwa zvose kuti munguva nokuumbwa masero matsva, rinonzi sero yatinofema. Inoitwa muzvikamu zvitatu: interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis. The kutenderera nguva kunobva siyana masero, uye kubva zvimwewo zvinoitika. Kukanganiswa tembiricha, inotonhorera kuwanikwa, okisijeni. Somuenzaniso, muna intestinal epithelium ndiko kuumbwa masero matsva kunoitika ose 8-10 maminitsi mu utachiona - ose maminitsi 20.

Process rinotanga interphase. Panguva ino, pane dzinotsanagura ndichibvunza kukura. Kubereka zvinhu kuti anobatsira kuwedzera musero uye nokuzadziswa ose basa mabasa. Panguva interphase ndiyo DNA kuberekana.

Zvakananga munguva mitosis kutotanga kunoitika fission yenyukireya. Chromatids panguva muitiro vanoparadzaniswa nemumwe uye kuumbwa redistributed pakati masero mwanasikana sezvo chromosome.

Process, panguva iyo aparadzane pakati idzodzo mutsva cytoplasm, rinonzi cytokinesis.

Panguva mitosis, masero vari kuumbwa, umo majini mashoko ari fanana chose kuti mubereki muviri. Panguva muitiro uyu doubling kuwanda okutodza.

meiosis

In nzira iyi, sero nokupesana chromosome nhamba iri vagovane. Izvi zvinoita mhuka uye zvepabonde kubereka sporogenesis mune miti. Panguva meiosis pane vaviri anotevedzana kupesana, uye kunotangira navo chete reduplication kuti DNA.

All zvakafanira zvokuvakisa azvaiitwa vari stocking kukwira panguva rokutanga Danho - interphase. Danho rimwe nerimwe weboka rakakamurwa nguva zvina: prophase, metaphase, anaphase uye telophase. Chete danho uye vari mitosis, asi mumwe muitiro ine maitiro ayo.

Origin meiosis - kupesana masero umo nhamba okutodza ipfupi ne 2 nguva. haploid maviri kuoneka kubva dzidzo diploid. Panguva ino, kwemasayendisiti munobuda DNA akamonyoroka kuumbwa kupesana chokurukisa. Uyezve, conjugation rinoitwa munyika prophase pamusoro homologous okutodza. The zvichiguma vapor kuumba bivalent. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo chromatids kuyambuka. Izvi anonzi vaiyambuka.

The mukunopera ndiwo anonzi meiosis wechipiri. Kupesana uku, umo masero vari aumba ane haploid vanochengeta okutodza, zvinosanganisira mumwe chromatid. Somugumisiro kwemasayendisiti akatsanangura paumbwe imwe diploid (kana oogonia spermatogonia) anobva 4 masero.

Biological ukoshi ndiye paumbwe masero meiotic kuti anopa mhuka maberekero kana pabonde spore inotungamirwa kwemhuka kwirirei. Iyi ndiyo nzira pave kwerunyararo masero kubereka ndewoupenyu hwose mhuka.

Kunyanya pabonde uye asexual kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu

Zvichienderana nenzira iyo kuzviganhurira mumasero kubudisa vana kuti emit mhando dzakasiyana-siyana izvi. Oga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nokupukunyuka zvipenyu zvakawanda changing ezvinhu anokonzerwa chaizvo chokwadi kuti vanogona chokubatanidza nzira dzakasiyana wokuberekana.

Chokwadi, kuita zvepabonde uye asexual kubereka zvavo kuti zvinenge mhando anosiyana chaizvo. Table rutoto mhando kuchabatsira kunzwisisa chii musiyano inokosha.

Zviri pachena kuti kurara siyana kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu zviri yakagozha. Asi asexually kunovimbisa zvakasimba playback kuti vakawanda nevazukuru. In dzepabonde kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu nhamba subsidiaries iri kukura nokukurumidza zvakadaro.