Marsupial shumba: mapikicha, mashoko, tsananguro

Check nhoroondo Earth kwakatora mamiriyoni emakore, rakakamurwa zvimwe zvenhoroondo nguva. Somuenzaniso, mashoko okutanga, pakati uye kunopera Eocene, Miocene nguva, ari Pliocene, Jurassic - izvi nezvimwewo Danho anotora guru mari zvemakore kukura uye paumbwe upenyu panyika. Munhambo ichi vakakura makomo, rakakura makondinendi vakatsaurwa, kutanga mararamiro matsva uye wezvamatongerwe zvachose yakasiyana chimiro choupenyu.

Chivatonga nhasi, murume ano anogona chete anoonga basa paleontologists. Masayendisiti vari kuwana marangwanda zvemhuka dzakadai dinosaurs, ipapo vakachinja zvikara dzavo wokutanga makuru uye vakawanda herbivores, buritsa kutevedzana mhuka shanduka panyika.

Oligocene ichikosha

Nguva iyi kukura Nyika akatora nguva kubva 25 kusvika mamiriyoni 38 apfuura. It ane zvikuru kukura matsva zvipenyu, sezvo paiva panguva iyi okunze zvakavharwa zvishoma dzaserera, uye nenzvimbo rainforest zvinomera vakanga vauya vanosarudza munhu okunze.

Nokufamba mamiriyoni emakore ari South Pole ari rechando yakakura, nokuti chisikwa iyo vakatora mvura yakawanda gungwa, izvo zvakazoita kuti shallowing nyanza uye nokufumura nzvimbo huru panyika. Zvakatora mumasango itsva uye yakakura renje, yakatanga hwakatangwa rekushongedzesa.

Panguva iyi, India akaita rwendo kubva kurutivi rwezasi kusvikira kurutivi rwokumusoro, nechikepe pamusoro neequator, uye rava muvakidzani Asia uye Australia akaputsa kure zvachose kubva Antarctica. Saka, kamwe zvinonyatsorehwa mararamiro ari partitions zvakasikwa chimwe nechimwe chitsva tatamuka nyika pachavo nemamwe maonero avo. Somuenzaniso, pamwe Australia, "nechikepe" marsupials, vave abuda kondinendi iri. Rakanga pano mukupera Oligocene nguva, pakanga chinonyanya chikara nguva - marsupial shumba. Photo mufananidzo wechikara, wakasika nemasayendisiti mu marangwanda ake anogona kuonekwa Museum of Paleontology. Maererano naye chinoratidza zvakajeka zvakaoma sei mhuka yavo. Chimiro chikara ichi haana netsaona. To yakabereka kuchinja mamiriro.

chikara dzinogarisana

Sezvo vakawanda rakawedzera nharaunda nyika izare steppes, hazvina zvakonzera kwaita akawandisa matsva mhando herbivores, ramakagadzwa pakutanga akazviratidza ruminants. Vaiva makamera perboterii. Kunze ikoko vakanga siyana mhuka yakaita nguruve, hofori chipembere, nyati, nondo nevamwe vakadaro.

The chidzoke makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 25 apfuura, imwe mhando itsva zvinomera - uswa, yakakonzera akurumidze kupararira mhiri nyika. Iye, mukusiyana wayo vamutangira, mashizha haana kukura ari pamusoro hunde uye pasi. Izvi akabvumira naye kunaya uye kukura nokukurumidza pashure mabukira ayo okutanga vakadya herbivorous. Izvi zvakawedzera nezvipfuwo zvavo. Sezvingatarisirwa, ari akapoteredza vakadaro zvokudya, uye avo-shanduka zvave nezvikara.

Yakanga mukunopera Oligocene vaiva imbwa vokutanga uye katsi, uyewo marsupial shumba. Izvi rakasiyana chisikwa ane simba rinoshamisa uye agility, uye kushaya vakawanda vakwikwidzi kwaita kuti njodzi dzinongoitika kuwedzera vagari vemo.

A akasiyana chikara

Zita nesayenzi remhuka ichi - Thylacoleo carnifex, zvinoreva "sumkolev zvomuurayi" (the kuuraya). Ndosaka asvika zita rake, sezvo parunenge, carnivore ichi haana kumurega hwake zvinouraya girth. Izvi imhaka sechivako zvayo pamberi netsoka dzakapfava. With kukura masendimita 80 uye shure 170 masendimita pakureba, waiyera 130 kusvika 165 makirogiramu, izvo zvinoratidza pamusoro panzvimbo yokutanga pakati Australia nezvikara. Kunyange zvazvo akanga ari mabhanan'ana steppes, hama dzake dziri kana wombats uye koalas, possums uye cuscuses.

Masayendisiti haasati asvika ari Kubvumirana, nokuti haana kubvisa kwakabva chikara mazino kujairika. Dvureztsovoe nechivako yavo afanane shaya nemakonzo, riri chinoshamisa kwazvo, nokuti marsupial shumba (Photo pazasi zvinoratidza) akabata chete nyama zvokudya. Kazhinji, mazino midziyo mhuka yokusafa kwakadaro avo kuti ichidya muriwo zvokudya. Saka, imwe marsupial shumba Australian - zviri nani zvagara kuushe maererano izvo zviri pachena kuti hwaro ake Mbeswa canines riri herbivorous dentition.

Description of marangwanda ari marsupial shumba musoro

Chete harisati akawanikwa paleontologists anogona kutonga sei nengozi yaiva mhuka. Exploring mamiriro ayo, masayendisiti akadzidza kurarama, kuvhima uye chii mhando vaiva marsupial shumba. Rondedzero hwemhuka rinoti mumiririri yokuzviparadzanisa dvureztsovyh, kusanganisira kangaruru. mhuka mbiri idzi vane chimwe chinhu chakafanana - muswe. Kutonga marangwanda inowanikwa Australia, ari marsupial shumba akarishandisa kuti isimbe, kana akagara pasi haunches ake.

The marangwanda the chikara musoro zvinoratidza kuti aiva chatakagara hwakasimba, uye kana iye ndokuwana kugadzirwa uye glares dzimwe meno ake, shaya ake simba vakarumanisa uye haana kutendera munhu kusvikira iye ngaashaiwe simba kurasikirwa neropa.

Kushanduka Mbeswa rakatanga marudzi maduku saizi, kufanana pristsileo, iyo ndezvaiye hurongwa marsupials aigara pamiti uye vakanga omnivorous. The akawana marangwanda emhuka idzi dzinogona kurondwa sei kuchinja maumbirwo pashaya dzavo, achiratidza tsika kuwedzera uye dzikawedzerwa nechemberi incisors. Zviri kubva kwavari, sezvo masayendisiti anodavira, paiva Pleistocene tilakoleo marsupial shumba, ine peya pamberi meno unopinza.

Description netsoka dzakapfava

Kwenguva refu, akanga asina paleontologists ruzivo pamusoro chii akanga hadzi Makumbo mhuka. All marangwanda yakawanikwa pamwe zvakanaka akachengetedzwa mberi chikamu uye netsoka dzakapfava, wakange mumwe munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva thumbs. Izvi akabvumira marsupial shumba chengeta kugadzirwa zvinopfuura warwo ukuru.

Kusvikira 21 remakore aizivikanwa se akapfuura kumativi uye kuvhima mhuka iyi. Masayendisiti inobva kubvuma kuti chimiro chayo hwakafanana marangwanda nezvikara rekare feline. Inowanikwa 2005, rose marangwanda yaratidza kuti hazvina kudaro, vaifunga akatarisa marsupial shumba. Information akagamuchira pashure pakuonekwa mhuka akatorazve, akaratidza kuti akanga makumbo hadzi aiva mamiriro yakafanana nebere. Migumo vakanga zvayaitenderera paguyo zvishoma ura, uye munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva munwe uta kunobatsira mhuka muti mapazi.

Saka, zvakava pachena kuti mhuka akaisa makumbo ayo hadzi pemvura zvachose, izvo akamutendera kukwira miti uye matombo. Pashure mashoko aya, zvinonzi chikara mapani rakazogarwazve nemasayendisiti mumasango, riri pamuganhu steppes. Kunenge kuti mumhanyi marsupial shumba yakanga isina simba, saka pakabva, achimirira pechaabata pamuti.

muviri Description

Telakolev aiva kwazvo musculature. Zvikurukuru achirova fudzi bhandi rake, akashongedzerwa mapfupa simba uye gobvu. mapfupa akasimba zvakarurama chimiro akawanikwa pakati mafudzi, izvo, Ungangove, uye simbisa tsandanyama. Pamusana kwavari, girth ake akanga dzinouraya kuti akatambudzwa, sezvo mairi musaputsa aigona kuva chero mhuka, kunyange akashongedzerwa unopinza meno zvinouraya kana nenzara. Kunyange zvazvo masayendisiti akahupa zita marsupial shumba, sechivako muviri wayo uye netsika kunovhima unoita kuti zvakawanda zvakafanana ingwe. Iye, sezvo mumiririri katsi, akakwanisa kukwira kwete chete miti, asi pamusoro pamatombo. Izvi hwakasimbiswa nokuda yakadzika kungoda nenzara dzake, akawana mubako Australia. mhuka iyi nounyanzvi kubata makumbo pamberi uye kufambisa panguva kukwira.

Sumkolva nzira youpenyu

Inobva nemamiriro marangwanda hwemhuka, masayendisiti vakagumisa kuti akauraya vawirwa mumaminitsi vachishandisa refu mandibular incisors uye ipapo zvakundikana chakasimba molars. Zvinofungirwa kuti huru vanobatwa chikara ichi vaiva DIPROTODON. Raiva kupfuura marsupial kuti akamborarama panyika. Ivo zvaibudirira munguva kubva 1,6 miriyoni kusvika 40.000 apfuura. Remasangano kwavari kusapfuudza kukura mvuu ano uye aiva 3 M refu uye 2 mamita kureba.

Yandakapiwa marsupial shumba kureba rinosvika masendimita 70-80 chete, uye urefu - kusvika 170 masendimita nayo, akanga akashongedzerwa zvose unofanira kubata, bata uye kuuraya zvikuru mutambo wakadaro. Kunenge, chikara akasarudza guru chaizvo asi anononoka-kubvongodzwa chayabata, nekuti havasi nhaka kukwanisa nokukurumidza inorwa naye achitevera. Akamirira kuti akatambudzwa agere muminda uswa kana pamusoro pematavi omuti.

chikara zvakatipoteredza

Kana tichitenda zvakawanwa paleontologists, ari marsupial shumba, makore anoda kusvika mamiriyoni 2 ndiyo yakanga yakakura uye simba kupfuura chikara mu Australia. zvombo zvake unopinza mazino uye nenzara, simba tsandanyama uye simba mapfupa gadziriro kugonesa nyore zvakadaro kwenguva refu. Nokuda Climate shanduko uye pave zvakasvibirira zvinomera, zvichitungamirira kuwedzera zvipfuwo zvigare, chikara ichi haana vakwikwidzi mune zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza. The Muterere kwaisanganisira procoptodon Goliath - hofori kangaroos. Ivo kusvika 3 metres kureba uye vakanga zvakaoma zvakatapwa kuti marsupial shumba vasingagoni kufamba nokukurumidza pasi.

Marsupial shumba yakanga isina chete chikara iyoyo. Pamwe naye pamapani aivhima zviri Tasmanian dhiabhorosi, tateguru eponymous muzukuru wake kubva Tasmania yekare. Kusiyana tilakoleo, dhiabhorosi vakakwanisa kupukunyuka kusvikira nhasi, asi sezvo vanhu, isingadariki mu ukuru avhareji imbwa. Pakati vakaurayiwa marsupial shumba akawana zygomaturus - aigara nguva zvakafanana mhuka, akafanana ano Pygmy mvuu uye palorchestes, paleontologists vakagamuchira zita "hofori marsupial tapir". miganhu yacho akafanana kuti bhiza ano. Vazhinji mhuka dzakanga vakafa nguva, asi vamwe kunge wakashanduka-shanduka uye akapukunyuka kusvikira nhasi.

Chikonzero kutsakatika

Kutsakatika of marsupial shumba masayendisiti achiri zvinenge zvasiyana refu sevavengi zvayo chairo rawakajaira, hazvina pose nenjodzi chiri haana pasi ngozi nokuparadzwa Australia. Chinonyanya dzakakurumbira shanduro ndeyokuti mhuka idzi vava yakatotsakatika nokuti kuti makore 30.000 apfuura nharaunda akatanga kuva chinyakare vanhu.

Chokwadi chokuti chikara achiri mupenyu panguva iyoyo, achiti bako mifananidzo, umo aripo. Vanhu vakatanga kunovhima mhuka, yekudyidzana achidzikisa kwevanhu vavo. Mukuwedzera, vakaparadza shumba, kusanganisira ayo chikuru aikwikwidza ari savanna. With veMubatanidzwa vanhu akanyangarika kubva panyika, anenge ose marsupial megafauna Australia.

Recent zvakawanwa

Nemhaka zvinowanikwa nesayenzi, akaita pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21 mumapako iri Nullarbor Plain, sayenzi akakwanisa kuongorora muudzame chikara ichi. Zvakanga pano kuti akanga akawana marangwanda pakati marsupial shumba, iro vakakwanisa kudzoreredza mufananidzo kwayo. Mhuka akadonha rimwe remapako akafirapo, vasingakwanise kubuda kupinda dzesango. Kunze kwake, yava akazviunganidzira zvakawanda nemhuka kurarama munguva imwe chete, iyo aigona kupa pfungwa avo vakamupoteredza aiva chinorura uye nezvavakatapa.

bhuku dema

Kubvira 1600, panguva nenzvimbo matongo, raiva bhuku vakatakura mhuka kana yakatotsakatika panguva kana dziri kuda kutsakatika. Unosanganisira mastodons, mammoths, woolly chipembere, bako bheya, Dodo, Moa uye marsupial shumba. Black bhuku waikudzwa nevanhu vanoverengeka mhuka kunge zvakanyangarika kubva puraneti, riri akafanana nokuwanda yakatotsakatika dinosaurs.

Zvinosuruvarisa kupfuura 1,000 mhando fauna of yakaitika mumakore 500 makore emunhu, izvo kana zvinoparadza kana kuparadza uye kusvibisa zvakavapoteredza.

Somuenzaniso, mumakore 27 chete kwave ichaparadzwa mhando iyi mhuka hwemvura sechinhu zvachose gungwa mhou, yakawanikwa muzana remakore rechi18. Nokuti mubereko fauna of akadaro vakaparadzwa, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvinogona zvaiwanzoitika zviuru zvemakore zvakawanda. Pakutanga sebenzi Red Book rinorondedzera mhuka uye zvinomera akatyisidzirwa kutsakatika.

Kana chikara yekare mupenyu

Mamwe masayendisiti hypothesize, vaizova kukunda mukurwisana, kana paiva marsupial shumba mupenyu uye akasangana ano namambo mhuka. Kuti tiwane mhinduro, vachafanira ngaaverenge nokuruma simba ane chikara yekare uye enzanisa pamwe Data eshumba. Nepo Masvomhu aya akaita kuti bakatwa-toothed nekatsi.