Mapfupa Skull: evanhu anatomi

YeDehenya, Lat. cranium, - ndiwo marangwanda musoro. It anoita mabasa maviri anokosha. Kuti iye ndiye mudziyo uye pfungwa mudziviriri uye pfungwa dzakadai kuona, kunzwa, kunhuwidza, kunaka nokudzikama. It aitsigirawo kutanga Links ari kufema uye zvomudumbu nehurongwa. Sezvo kutonga, dehenya anatomi muchiLatin kutsanangura zvakarurama maonero enyika.

The nemamiriro dehenya

dehenya ruyamuro asi kuoma. Pfupa pangagara haisi chete uropi, asiwo zvinoverengeka zvinokosha kutsinga dzinouya nhengo, kuburikidza kuburikidza hova inokosha uye mawindo vari tsinga siyana uye tsinga. Inoitwa 23 Mapfupa, pamwe 8 vavo vari aiwanzopiwa wokushanda uye 7 - kwete aiwanzopiwa wokushanda. Pakati pavo vane sandara, chirambe chakapfava uye vakavhengana mapfupa dehenya, anatomi nyaya dzavo yeimwe, sezvo ivo pamwe kuumba coherent rose.

yeDehenya Human anatomi rakakamurwa mapoka maviri: uropi uye hofisi mberi. Mumwe ane pachake mabasa ayo uye zvinhu. Brain dehenya (Lat. Cranium vanopemberera) makuru kukura uye riri pamusoro obverse (cranium viscerale). Mobile vakapoteredza dehenya ndiyo chete rezasi shaya.

Funga mapfupa cranial. Anatomy anosimbisa occipital, frontal, achikanganisa serin'i, afoot, vasina mapfupa vaviri zvenyama parietal, uyewo avo yeimwe.

Senzira chiso yeDehenya iri dzoga:

- mapfupa masticatory midziyo - rezasi uye yokumusoro shaya, yokumusoro vaviri zvinoreva mapfupa;

- mapfupa anoumba mhino uye muromo uye ziso nezvigadziko, kureva chimwe-opener uye hyoid uye aiwanzopiwa wokushanda palatal, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic pfupa uye isinganaki turbinate.

pfupa kubatanidza

Zvakakodzera kufunga mapfupa cranial vavo majoini. Human anatomi uye kudzidza navo somunhu mumwe nomumwe uye yakasanganiswa. Vazhinji mapfupa dehenya vari akabatanidzwa mira. The chete Kusara ndiyo rezasi rushaya riri chinjwa uye dzakabatana tsandanyama nemarunda hyoid pfupa.

Vazvo unobatanidza zvose zvakamisa hurongwa pamwe chete, muri-siyana chaizvo. For chiso uye mapfupa cranial rakatenderera inozivikanwa kunyanya toothed, scaly, uye sandara vazvo. At mujinga dehenya yeimwe kazhinji vane pfupi kana wechigarire shwashwa, anonzi synchondrosises. Sutures vane mazita zvinobva mafupa, dzavanopinda nadzo (dzine mabwe-occipital, frontal, sphenoid) kana kuti nzvimbo uye chimiro (lambdoid, sagittal).

cranial

Ngatikurukurei mapfupa cranium: apa uye mapfupa. Chikamu ichi inogona huviri zvikuru zvikamu: (. Latin calvaria) pechingoro (. Lat hwaro) Uye rakatenderera, dzimwe nguva inonzi dehenya padenga.

A chinhu yakatarwa ndechokuti anogona kusiyanisa mapfupa dzomukati dzokunze mahwendefa ane chirambe chakapfava diploe zvinhu therebetween. Diploe rine diploic migero diploic mutsinga zhinji. The kumeso yokunze ndiro rine periosteum. ndiro womumwoyo wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose uye kusimba uye periosteum nokuda basa nayo anoita zvakaoma goko wouropi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunotevera anogona kuitika pasina pakakuvara yomukati chipande chokunze kukuvara.

Periosteum chete majoini ane yapedyo zvikuru chokuita mafupa, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo looser nezvichaitika, saka pane subperiosteal nzvimbo mukati mafupa. Munzvimbo idzi, dzimwe nguva kuva hematoma, kana kunyange maronda.

Mukuwedzera, namafupa dehenya anatomi rinokamukana kupinda pneumatic uye nevozduhonosnye. Muuropi dhipatimendi mafupa pneumatic zvinosanganisira frontal, achikanganisa serin'i, afoot nezvenyama. Ivo vanonzi saka kuvapo in akazara mhepo uye vakamiswa pamwe mucous membrane.

Kune skulls uye makomba raishandiswa kwemutemo emissarnyh mutsinga. Ivo anobatana wokunze diploic mutsinga uye venous sinuses pakukoka ari reDhura wouropi. The pakukura ari cranium vari mastoid uye parietal buri.

Description of nemamiriro mapfupa chikuru cranium

pfupa imwe neimwe dehenya chinosanganisira anoverengeka nhengo dzine unhu zvavo uye chimiro, zvinogona vaisanganisa pamwe maberere, yakatesvera panyanga dzacho, anorovera, cutouts, makomba, grooves, sinuses uye zvinhu. Most zvakazara unomirira mapfupa ose ari musoro anatomical atirasi.

kuisa mapfupa

The frontal pfupa (Lat. Os frontale) mu nechivako yavo kuchibva nasal uye orbital zvikamu frontal uye chikero. Hazvina unpaired. Ndiyo nechemberi padenga uye zvinobatanidzwa paumbwe Anterior cranial fossa uye ziso nezvigadziko.

The occipital pfupa (Lat. Os occipitale) ndiyo unpaired lowback riri dehenya. Zvinonzi rakakamurwa kupinda basilar chikamu occipital chikero maviri lateral nhengo. zvinoriumba izvi vanoumba buri guru, rinonzi occipital (Lat. Foramen magnum).

Steam parietal mapfupa (Lat. Os parientale) siyana verhnebokovye madhipatimendi ari dehenya rakatenderera. Zvinokonzera peya dhaiza sagittal pamupendero vari chokuita nomumwe. Micheto yasara vanonzi frontal, occipital, uye scaly.

mapfupa garo

Rwepanyama pfupa kugeza (Lat. Os temporale) riri kudivi pamadziro dehenya hwaro. Riri kusvika rwemberi occipital pfupa, uye mberi - achikanganisa. Gurai pfupa riri piramidhi (dzine mabwe), scaly uye Drum nhengo. Riri nhengo kuti mwero uye kunzwa.

Kuburikidza zvenyama mapfupa anoenda kuburikidza midziyo yakawanda uye cranial tsinga. Kwavari, inopa dzinoverengeka migero: hope, mberi, dhiramu, hope, dhiramu, tympani, mastoid, musculo-mutopota, dzomunyika auditory canal, kuti cochlea uye tubule mvura kumusuwo.

Sphenoid (Lat. Os sphenoidale) iri mu nechepakati dehenya nechigadziko, zvakafanira kuti paumbwe ayo lateral zvikamu, uye anoumba nhevedzano Makomba uye in. Hazvina unpaired. Inoitwa makuru uye zviduku mapapiro, muviri uye bapiro serin'i zvinoshandiswa.

Ethmoid pfupa (Lat. Os ethmoidale) paChikoro paumbwe ziso nezvigadziko uye nasal mhango. Rakakamurwa grid uye perpendicular kuna mundiro, uye rakamanikana inovhiringidza. Olfactory tsinga fibers napakati afoot ndiro. Yekamuri labyrinth yekamuri sero vakazadzwa mhepo, kune nasal ndima uye sinuses iri kuti outputs.

mapfupa chiso yose

Mapfupa chiso yeDehenya mukuru muuropi. 15. Hevano unpaired hyoid pfupa, vomer, mandible. The yasara hangaiwa mijenya: rezasi turbinate, nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, uye yokumusoro shaya. Ava, chete okumusoro mapfupa shaya chokuita pneumatic kuva mhango pamwe mucous Kamudzira uye mhepo.

mapfupa aya vakawanda vanoumba nechemberi. Chinoongorora anatomi yeDehenya mamiriro, ishande kwete mapfupa pachake uye avo uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa.. The chiso dehenya inogona kusiyanisa muchadenga, muromo uye mhuno, apo zvinokosha nhengo yacho shaya. in nokuti ndima masvingo vane manzwiro uye ropa midziyo mwena uye makatsemuka, uye avo rubatsiro mashoko kunoitika in pakati pavo.

Chiso dehenya: dzinonetsa makomba

Aiwanzopiwa wokushanda nezvigadziko ziso zvakagadzirirwa nzvimbo in vari eyeballs yavo tsandanyama, misodzi omumuviri uye dzimwe masangano. Zvinokosha ziso, nasolacrimal, alveolar uye infraorbital mugero, okumusoro orbital slots, mberi neshure chendarira, uye supraorbital skuloglaznichnoe buri.

The nasal mhango iri voga pyriform aperture choanae, nasolacrimal mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka uye mbezo, achikanganisa-palatal uye nasal mawindo uye mawindo yacho lamina cribrosa. In dzaiita zvokutaurwa mhango uye akaiswa palatine makuru nechido canal, zvikuru nezviduku palatal buri.

Uye nemamiriro chiso dehenya zvinokosha kuona pamberi nasal ndima (rezasi, nechepakati uye yokumusoro), uyewo frontal uye sphenoid sinuses.

Description huru mamiriro mapfupa chiso

Yokumusoro shaya (Lat. Maxilla) rinoreva aiwanzopiwa wokushanda mapfupa. It ine muviri uye zygomatic, frontal, palatine uye alveolar kwendangariro.

Palatine pfupa (Lat. Os palatinum), kuva vaviri paChikoro inotungamirwa Pterygopalatine-palatine fossa, mukanwa uye ziso zvigadziko. Rakakamurwa chinjikira uye kutwasuka matete uye matatu: achikanganisa-zvakaumbwa, orbital uye pyramidal.

Lower turbinate (Lat. Concha nasalis muduku) Chokwadi, bwendefa hwakakungwa munzira chaiyo. Zvinonzi vakapakata yakatesvera panyanga dzacho nhatu pamwe pamusoro kumucheto: nemisodzi, Trellis uye maxillary. Izvi hwemvura pfupa.

Nebadza (Lat. Vomer) ndiyo pfupa ndiro, zvakafanira kuti paumbwe pfupa kubva nasal septum. Bone unpaired.

The nasal pfupa (Lat. Os nasale) zvinodiwa paumbwe pfupa inotungamirwa uye nasal pyriform aperture. pfupa Izvi zvinoreva vaviri.

Cheekbone (Lat. Os zygomaticum) Zvakakosha kusimbisa chiso dehenya, rinogona kubatsira batanidza zvenyama, frontal uye mapfupa maxillary. Iye aiwanzopiwa wokushanda. Rakakamurwa lateral, orbital nezvenyama penyika.

Lacrimal pfupa (Lat. Os lacrimale) kusvika medial orbital rusvingo ndiye mugove kumberi. Izvi hwemvura pfupa. It ane rwemberi lacrimal penyika uye lacrimal paburi.

Special mapfupa chako

Zvadaro kutarisa mapfupa dehenya, anatomi riri siyanei nevamwe vose.

The repasi shaya (Latin mandibula.) - unpaired pfupa. Kuti ndizvo chete bvupa Nemadehenya, inova chinjwa. Inoitwa zvikamu zvitatu: muviri 2 uye mapazi.

The hyoid pfupa (. Lat Os hyoideum) unpaired riri pamberi pamutsipa, kurutivi rumwe rutivi ndiro shaya yakaderera, uye mumwe - the dokeriro. Rakakamurwa kuva curved arc mumuviri uye aiwanzopiwa wokushanda zvinoshandiswa - zvikuru nezviduku nyanga. To ichi dehenya pfupa yakabatanidzwa tsandanyama nemarunda, uye hwakabatana pamwe dokeriro.

dehenya pavaipfuura budiriro

Kunyange kana miedzo iri yeDehenya anatomi ari kubatwa akura nemaonero, kuziva pamusoro paumbwe yeDehenya kunokosha. Usati waita yako chokupedzisira tarira, dehenya rinopfuura mamwe Danho nguva maviri. Chokutanga, hazvina membranous, cartilaginous ipapo, uye chete ipapo anouya mapfupa danho. Kana Danho iri zvishoma nezvishoma ichiyerera kupinda mumwe. matanho All vatatu mapfupa dehenya nechigadziko uye uso chikamu, vamwe membranous pakarepo kuva mafupa. Panguva iyoyo zviri kusanduka muenzaniso angave asina pfupa zvose, asi chete chikamu chayo, uye vamwe aumbwa zvakananga kubva connective zvinyama pasina shwashwa.

Membranous pakutanga chikuva vaiona kuguma 2 vhiki embryo kukura, uye kubva 2 months kunotanga shwashwa. Ossificação em nechimwe wedhipatimendi kunoitika panguva dzakasiyana. Chokutanga pane Ossificação em centre, akabva pfungwa iyi pakuitika iri vakaparadzira pamusoro penyika uye kudzika. Somuenzaniso, pazuva 39 pamuviri pakukura rinowanika pakati rezasi shaya, asi occipital mapfupa Ossificação em racho basilar mugove kunotangira mazuva 65.

The yokupedzisira inotungamirwa

Panguva iyoyo akabatanidza nzvimbo Ossificação em pashure pokuberekwa, dehenya pfupa pano anorondedzera anatomi kare nezvishoma zvakarurama, sezvo izvi zvingave evasingatombonamati woga. Nokuti vamwe ichi zvinoitika muna muduku: epanyama - kusvika pagore, occipital uchingodzikira rushaya - kubva gore rimwe mana. Vamwe mapfupa, dzakadai zygomatic, gurai muitiro kubva 6 kusvika 16 makore, uye hyoid - kubva 25 kusvika 30 makore. Nezvokumutswa kukura dehenya anogona kunzi nhamba achangoberekwa dehenya zvikuru, sezvo nguva vakawanda zvinhu izvi batanidza chimwe mapfupa chokupedzisira.

Vamwe shwashwa inotungamirwa kuramba zvakadaro nokusingaperi. Izvi zvinosanganisira shwashwa uye septum mhino uye shwashwa duku riri mujinga dehenya.