"Uzivi waKristu" Erasmus: Basic Ideas

Dzidziso pamusoro Erasmus muenzaniso kunzi Humanism mhiri Alps. Vazhinji vanofunga kuti shoko rokuti "Renaissance" rinogona kunzi Northern Europe chete kukuru mwero conditionality. Chero zvazvingava, muitiro uyu haana chaizvo akafanana Italian Renaissance. Kwevanhu yeNorthern Europe haana kuedza zvikuru ndiponesezve tsika kare, asi kuti tinzwisise musimboti wechiKristu. Vazhinji kupembedza nguva akadzidza kwete Plato naAristotle, asi Bhaibheri. Saka, kuti "mhiri Alps Renaissance," anozivikanwa kuchiitwa imwe Chiitiko - shandurudzo. Asi ruzhinji vamiririri Northern Renaissance (sezvo, Somuenzaniso, humanist Erazm Rotterdamsky), vose kutsoropodzwa yeRoma, harisi chinhu pamisasa Protestant. Uyezve, vaida kuchinja kusangano kuti raiva, asi kuregawo zvachose nayo Anovhundutsira navo. Erasmus Unonzi musiki itsva yebhaibheri ezvinhu, apo akaedza kupindura mubvunzo chii chinofanira kuva mutoro yevanhu Mwari, uye chii nzvimbo zvose izvi tora dzetsika uye netsika.

aiva Erasmus uyo

Dzokororai izvi zvinoshamisa murume, ungati zvinotevera. Aiva mubvandiripo mwanakomana womupristi mwanasikana yachiremba uye, iye akaberekwa ari weChicago reRotterdam pasi zita Gouda. Nokudaro remadunhu- wake, sezvo yaiva tsika mumazuva iwayo. Vanonzi vanhu pakunamata, zvikurukuru mamongi - nezita uye nzvimbo yokuberekerwa. Sezvo vabereki vake vakafa mangwanani, vachengeti akanyengetedza jaya kutora kwechidzitiro. Asi nokuti akanga asina sarudzo yake, zvakaoma kuti mumongi akapiwa muzivi ramangwana. Asati nokutora mhiko, iye aiziva Classics ekare, rikarova chinoshamisira ake. Education chakamubatsira kuchinja nyaya hwake. Mumwe mabhishopi kwaidiwa Munyori Latinist. Erasmus aigona kutora nzvimbo ino tichibatsirwa webasa rake siya hwokuzvinyima upenyu. Zvisinei, nguva dzose aiva rakadzika rezvitendero. Erasmus akafamba. Aiva mukana kudzidza panguva Sorbonne. Ikoko vainyepedzera kuva kudzidza dzidziso, asi chaizvoizvo akadzidza Latin mabhuku. Erazm Rotterdamsky akarota Bhaibheri. Asi uyu zvaaifanira kudzidza mutauro wechiGiriki. muzivi ichi ramangwana paaivatambudza zvakakomba. Naiyewo akashanya England, apo akasangana Thomas More, uye nokusetsa uye zvakanaka nezvokubatsira ipapo tsika.

Tanga basa

Views Erasmus akatanga kuumba muna Oxford. Ikoko vakasangana pamwe admirers pamusoro Antiquities, uyo vakamukwevera muruoko rwake denderedzwa. Apo zviuru mazana mashanu, musayendisiti ramangwana akadzokera Paris, chinhu chokutanga I zvakabudisa bhuku iri aphorisms Greek uye Latin. Iye vakazoroorwa vakayambuka shanduro dzakawanda. masayendisiti Life vatopiwa kufarira zvemidzimu. Zvino zviviri zvebasa Erasmus ikoko - kuti popularize yekare hachishandi kumba muzviparidzire echokwadi chinyorwa pamusoro New Testament, akashandurwa kubva muchiGiriki. Theology akanga asiri wake chikuru chitandadzo-bhiza. Dzidziso Erasmus wakanga kutoti tsika uye dzouzivi. Akashanda zvokuti vakararama vakashamiswa sei mumwe murume aigona kunyora zvakawanda. Zvinoita mabasa kwesayenzi, mukurumbira venhau, uye mazana shanduro yechiLatin zvinyorwa zvechiGiriki. Chete akasara imwe yetsamba dzake neshamwari zvuru zviviri.

Kunyora mabasa makuru

Ndapedza zvidzidzo ake panguva Sorbonne, Erasmus kumanikidzwa kurarama akamanikana ezvinhu. Iye anowanzofamba kubva Paris kuNetherlands uye shure, vaigara Leuven, Orleans, nani kudzidza chiGiriki. Maiva pamakore aya, Erazm Rotterdamsky akanyora "Zvombo yechiKristu murwi." Bhuku rino chaiita dzidziso dzake, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda muzivi vakauya rimwe basa. Mairi, aiita huru vavariro yechipiri rokuItari Renaissance. The chikuru Pfungwa basa iri kuti zhenje chiKristu kuti nechokuita nebudiriro kare. Muna 1506 akaenda Italy, kwaakanga apedza makore matatu. Pano iye anokwanisa kuwana doctorate, ashanyire Venice uye Roma. Muna 1509, Erasmus zvakare vakaenda England, apo akanga wakokwa Tomas Mor, uyo panguva iyoyo aiva chanzera yaMambo Henry VIII. The yokupedzisira, paakanga achiri muchinda, zvakare, akanga shamwari muzivi uye ake airemekedzwa zvikuru. Vamwe nguva gamba nyaya yedu akadzidzisa pana Cambridge. MuEngland, Erasmus akanyora basa rake dzakakurumbira - the tamba "Praise upenzi", izvo hwokurara vatambi akadai musayendisiti mbongoro chigure-akachenjera. Bhuku iri rakabudiswa muna Paris muna 1511, uye kubvira ipapo munyori wayo rava nyeredzi chaiye zvino Europe.

"MuBasel munamati"

Chimwe admire pamusoro Erasmus Crowned - Emperor Charles Rechishanu - akamugadza ave mubatsiri wake muhoro wakanaka, uye kushaya chero mitoro. Izvi akabvumira muzivi ape zvakakwana kuna ake kufarira basa uye pakufamba. Makore mashomanana gare gare iye akakwanisa kuona kwake hope kukosheswa. MuBasel, anouya zvibereko makore ake akawanda basa - echiGiriki Vhangeri. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzeBhaibheri dzinoti chinyorwa ichi rinewo zvikanganiso, asi zvisinei akanga hwaro mamwe yakaoma kudzidza Testamende Itsva. Kubvira ipapo, yakawanda mabhuku akanyorwa Erazm Rotterdamsky. Zvekufamba kwayo panguva - zviri kunyanya shanduro. Plutarch uye Seneca, Cicero uye Ovid, Origen uye Ambrose, vanyanduri yekare, vanyori venhau dzakaitika uye vanaBaba veChechi - uye zvose iwe zita nayo. Kunyange Erasmus nguva vaifamba pakati Switzerland, Freiburg uye MuBesançon, rainzi "muBasel munamati." Kunyange kare panguva iyoyo akatanga kurwara, zvirwere havana kwakatadzisa arege kutora Zvinoshingaira mubasa siyana rezvedzidzo nharo vakararama munguva yake. Somuenzaniso, Erazm Rotterdamsky akapikisa hasha Luther. Bhuku "muBasel munamati" "Rusununguko rwokusarudza" muvandudzi mukuru akati basa "Uranda vachadaro." Hapana vavo havana kubvumirana reviewer. Mabasa Erasmus muBasel kumwedzi - Ndirwowo akadhindwa ari nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana. Izvi nokunatsiridzwa philological sei zvakarurama kureva echiGiriki uye mashoko Latin, uye kufunga pedagogical pamusoro dzidzo rworudyi vatongi, uye rondedzero pamusoro nyika hwusingaperi, uye kutsvaka kubatana Church, uye kunyange New Testament nyaya zvakasiyana-siyana kupfupisa. The ropa Zviitiko Reformation kutya uye vamutye naye, asi akaomerera zvaanofunga, nguva dzose ari pakati mapoka maviri rinopikisa. Erazm Rotterdamsky akafa muna 1536, muna chete muBasel.

humanist

Vezvenhau kusiyanisa zvizvarwa zviviri German uye Anglo-Dutch Renaissance. Erazm Rotterdamsky aiva gotwe wavo. nyika yake chaiyo haana Holland, kwete France uye Germany, uye chaanodisisa kare. magamba aro aiziva sezvo kunofambidzana seshamwari dzake. Humanism Erasmus akaratidza pakuti akashandisa sainzi, mabhuku uye kudhinda kuti kupa isina kumboitika kukanganisa pfungwa dzevanhu. Kushamwaridzana naye ave achipikisana masimba kuva, uye vazhinji muguta akauya kwaari zvachose muhoro chete kuti akararama ikoko. Kwaari mazano - sei mumunda uzivi uye zvematongerwo enyika - akatendeukira madzimambo, machinda uye vanhu nyore vakadzidza. Latin uye mabhuku yekare , aiziva, zvichida kupfuura munhu upi zvake muEurope panguva iyoyo, uye maonero ake pamusoro madudzirwo zvimwe manzwi echiGiriki, razova mumayunivhesiti tiite.

Moralist, satirist, muzivi

mabasa avo ose Erasmus reRotterdam, izvo vakamuisa kusingaenzaniswi mukurumbira uye mbiri yose, zvakanyorwa naye, nemashoko ake, "chinhu chiri nani kuita." Somuenzaniso, "Rumbidzai upenzi" chete muupenyu hwake yave ichibudiswa pamusoro makumi mana nguva. Izvi hanya satire nevamwe kutsvinya migove akanga wakafara uye akanaka - hazvina lashed uye asingauyi kuchera hwaro. Naizvozvo, uye aifarira akabudirira nezviremera. Asi muvambi kupfuura kukoshesa kurerekera ake mabhuku pedagogy, kunyanya dzidzo echiKristu machinda uye kudzidzisa vana mitauro. Pamusoro wake mukutsvaga, iye anonzi zvechitendero uye dzidzo mabasa. Akamudana "uzivi waKristu". Kunyatsogona wake waradzikwa Oxford. Ikoko, pamwe chete nedzimwe nhengo mudenderedzwa vanoda kare kutanga zvaitwa nemutoo nheyo Humanism yechiKristu Erazm Rotterdamsky. The chikuru pfungwa iyi dzidziso, akataura mumwe rokutanga remabhuku.

"Dagger echiKristu murwi"

Chii Erasmus akanyora hwake, akashanda sezvo chinotungamirira nyeredzi hwose naye. Bhuku racho chiziviso rine zvarinoreva zvakadzama. Dimikira iri rinoshandiswa kureva mararamiro mutendi wechokwadi. Zvinofanira ose zuva kuenda kuhondo, kuti murwire tsika dzavo, kuti kushora zvivi uye miedzo. Nokuti ichi chinangwa Zvakakodzera husava chiKristu, kujekesa kuti vose. Kuzvisunungura kubva rinorema nguo yepamusoro kuti kuviga musimboti. Tinofanira kudzokera nevatambi chiKristu mangwanani, kunzwisisa chii chinoitwa akatenda vanhu akasika munharaunda yokutanga. Unofanira kuomerera kuomesa tsika nemitemo achatungamirira upenyu hwakakwana uye kubatsira vamwe. Uye pakupedzisira, vanofanira kutevedzera Kristu pachake, kuti kukwanisa kushandisa pfungwa vemunyika Rugwaro. Uye nokuti ichi zvakakodzera zvakarurama kunzwisisa uye kududzira Gospel, zvakauyiswa Muponesi, yose zvayo nyore, pasina yepamusoro kururama uye kunyanyisa. Ndiro uzivi Kristu.

New dzidziso Erasmus

Zvakanzi kuti ichi kwazvo iwane munyori andisiya akawandisa essays, akadhindwa uye mabhuku kwenguva dzose akadzidza European, kunyanya weimba huru, akarovedzwa paari. Pashure pezvose, munhu anoyemurika vose yakabudirira vanhu yaitonga ikashanduka Erazm Rotterdamsky. Pfungwa huru rake yezvouMwari yokutsvakurudza akavawo nyaya dzokudzidza ichichiyemura. It Akakwezva vairarama kuti muzivi haana kushandisa tsika zvechitendero nzira. Uyezve, iye nekumhura zvakasimba scholasticism achiri "Kurumbidzwa Upenzi". Uye mune mamwe mabasa, haana kugunun'una. Munyori criticizes ayo madunhurirwa, unyanzvi, Conceptual uye musoro midziyo, tichifunga kuti masayendisiti ayo Uzivi chiKristu vakarasika. chiremba zvose izvi vachivhaira ne dzekutora ake asingabereki uye isina kuedza kutsiva-siyana tsanangudzo Mwari. Uzivi Kristu akasununguka kubva ichi zvose. Rakagadzirirwa kutsiva zvose vakanwa kubva dambudziko munwe, saka dzinotyisa munyaya yesayenzi kwezvakatipoteredza, zvetsika. Taura kuitika mudenga - haisi chinangwa dzidziso. Inofanira kubata epanyama zvinhu, chokwadi chokuti vanhu vanoda. Kuchinja kuti dzidziso, munhu yaanofanira kuwana mhinduro kudiwa mibvunzo. Muenzaniso weizvi matauriro, Erasmus runotenda nhaurirano yaSocrates. Mubhuku rake "Kubatsira kutaura," akanyora kuti uchenjeri muzivi yekare anomanikidzwa achiburuka kubva kudenga uye kurarama pakati pavanhu. Ndizvozvo - iri mutambo, kusanganisira mabiko uye mitambo - vanofanira kukurukura kutobaya. Kukurukurirana izvi tora nemaitiro okuzvipira. Ko kuti Jehovha akataura kuvadzidzi vake?

Kubatana kwetsika siyana

risible ake satirical dzidziso Erazm Rotterdamsky rinowanzoshandurwa zvichienzaniswa "Silenus Alkviada" - yakanyangara Terracotta Zvidhori, izvo zvakavigwa chinoshamisa runako uye proportionality pakati mifananidzo vamwari. Izvi zvinoreva kuti havasi vose mashoko ake anofanira kutorwa sezvairi. Kana anoti kuti kutenda kwechiKristu - kwakafanana upenzi, munyori havafaniri kutorwa kuti kuna Mwari. Akangoti anotenda kuti zvaisaenderana anonzi yepamusoro uchenjeri. Iri nguva "yokudenga kupenga" Vanhu vanogona batanidza naMwari, zvichida kwenguva duku. Saka Erasmus akaruramiswa kuedza kuti adzokorore tsika dzekare mumweya yechiKristu. Zvisinei, akanga kure nokuva, kufanana Luther, kuyambuka Rubicon uye vanoramba vanaBaba veChechi uye Mutsvene Tradition. Ukuwo, sezvo vavandudzi, unodana kudzokera pamazuva evaapostora uye vadzidzi Muponesi. Asi muuzivi Kristu akanga rayo rekona. Vakanga vachiri Humanism chaiye Renaissance mhando. Hongu, Erasmus uye anotuka nevafundisi vechiKaturike uye yemamongi kuti pacharo, iro, maererano munyori, mumwe chisvetasimba zita raKristu uye kuti vanhu youpenzi. Naiyewo (kunyange pakavanda) inoti pamusoro inadmissibility hondo uye chisimba muzita rechitendero. Asi mhiri Catholic tsika havagoni kuenda.

Humanism pamusoro Erasmus Christian

Ndicho wokunatswa rimwe chikuru pfungwa dzidziso itsva iyi. Hongu, munhu anogona kuva nechepakati zvakasikwa, sezvo akadana nokuti rokuItari kwevanhu. Asi kuziva yakanaka ichi, iye anofanirwa nyore kutenda kwavo, kuti vepachokwadi uye vanotanga kutevedzera Kristu. Ipapo uchava chii aifanira kuva zano Musiki. Asi Erasmus murume ano, sezvo ndaifunga kuti munyori, uyewo zvose masangano zvakasikwa nazvo, kusanganisira mamiriro uye Church, asi chaizvo kumbonaka ichi. ChiKristu chiri chokwadi kuenderera pakutsvaka yakanakisisa vazivi vekare. Regai vaitamba nepfungwa chitendero inoshanda ichaita kuti pasi pose nokubvumirana? ChiKristu kunongova magumiro dzezvinangwa dzavo. Nokuti umambo hwokudenga muna mharidzo yacho Erasmus - chinhu chakafanana hwaPlato Republic, apo zvose zviri akanaka, kuti akasika vahedheni, Ishe vakanongazve. Iye kunyange akaratidza Zvinoshamisa kuti nguva idzodzo pfungwa yokuti mweya kwechiKristu vakwanise zvikuru kupfuura unogamuchirika kutaura. Uye vatsvene vaMwari vari vazhinji vaya nechechi somusande ichi absented. Kunyange uzivi ake Kristu Erazm Rotterdamsky anodana kumutsidzirwa. By izvi zvinoreva kwete chete kudzorera chepakuvamba wakachena Chechi, asi zvakasikwa kwevanhu, hwakasikwa pakutanga zvakanaka. Uye nokuda Musiki wake wakaita ino, kuti tinofanira kunakidzwa. Zvinofanira akati kuti pfungwa Erasmus Vakasatenderana kwete chete kuvanyori veKatorike, asi vanofunga anonyanya echiPurotesitendi. hurukuro dzavo rusununguko uye kuremekedzwa kwevanhu kunorayiridza chaizvo uye kunoratidza kuti mumwe nomumwe wavo kwavowo taona zvakawanda nezvounhu hunhu hwedu.