Mabhuku anonyatsozivikanwa eMiddle Ages: runyora uye kupfupisa

Knight mabhuku ndiyo nzira huru yekusika, iyo yakagadzirwa muMiddle Ages. Hero yake yaive heroic heroic feudal. Mabasa anozivikanwa kupfuura aya aya ndiwo "Song of Roland" yakagadzirwa muFrance naGottfriedath weStrasbourg, "Tristan neIsolde" (ndima inoverengeka) muGermany, uye "The Song of the Nibelungs", muSpanish - "Rodrigo" uye "The Song of My Side "Uye vamwe.

Kuchikoro, musoro unoti "Mabhuku anonyanya" (kirasi 6) inomanikidzwa. Vadzidzi vanopinda munhoroondo yezvakabva, maitiro makuru, kuzivana nemabasa makuru. Zvisinei, musoro unoti "Zvinyorwa zvinoshamisa zveMiddle Ages" (Bhuku 6) zvinoratidzwa panguva pfupi, kusarudza, mamwe mazano anokosha anoshaikwa. Muchikamu chino, tinoda kuisa pachena pamusoro pacho, kuitira kuti muverengi ave nepfungwa yakakwana.

Knightly nhetembo

Zvinyorwa zvinodzidza hazvirevi chete manyozha, asiwo nhetembo, iyo yakaimba kutendeseka kumumwe mukadzi wemwoyo. Nokuda kwake, avo vanogadziriswa pangozi yehupenyu vanozviisa pasi pemiedzo yakasiyana-siyana. Akarumbidza rudo urwu mune nziyo, nhetembo-vaimbi vaizonzi minnesinger muGermany, troubadours - kumaodzanyemba kweFrance, uye maturo - kuchamhembe kwenyika ino. Vanyori vakakurumbira zvikuru Bertrand de Born, Arno Daniel, Jaufre Rudel. MuchiShona mabhuku ezana remakore rechi13, chiyeuchidzo chinonyanya kukosha ndiyo mabharla akazvitsaurira kuna Robin Hood.

Mabhuku anonyatsozivikanwa muItaly anomiririrwa zvikurukuru nenziyo. Akateya chimiro chitsva chinorumbidzwa rudo kumudzimai, Guido Gvinicelli, mudetembi weBolgnese. Vamiririri vayo makuru pane Guido Cavalcanti uye Brunetto Latini, Florentines.

Mufananidzo wekono uye mudzimai akanaka

Izwi rokuti "knight" rinoreva kushandura kubva kuGerman "mutasvi". Kuramba ari murwi, iye anofanira panguva imwechete ane tsika dzakanaka, kunamata mudzimai we mwoyo, kuve wakagadzirwa. Izvo zvaiva nechitendero chechipiri icho chirevo chechirevo chakasimuka. Vamiririri varo vakarumbidzwa vanokudzwa uye vakanaka, uye vakadzi vakanaka vakatarisa zvakanaka kune chimiro ichi, izvo zvakavarumbidza. Mabhuku ainyatsozivikanwa aive akaoma. Mifananidzo iri munyaya ino inoratidza izvi.

Rudo rwechokwadi, rwechokwadi, rwaive rwakawanda, sezvo rwaive rwakakwana pasi pematare edzimhosva. Mudzimai anoimba, sekutonga, aiva mudzimai wa suzerain. Uye magetsi mu rudo naiye akaramba ari vatengesi vanoremekedza chete. Nokudaro, nheyo dzenyaya dzakasvibisa vakadzi vasina maturo dzakapoteredza dare refudal panguva imwe chete nehupamhi hwehumwe chete.

Rudo Rwokurota

Rudo rworudo rwakanga rwakavanzika, munyori wenhetembo haana kuedza kutumidza mudzimai wake nezita. Manzwiro aya akaita sekutinhira kunamatwa.

Yakasikwa panguva iyoyo, magwaro emanyoo akawanda, uye kunyora kwevakawanda vavo kurasika. Asi pakati pevazhinji vanyori vasina ruvara vaisakanganwawo, mifananidzo yakajeka. Nyanzvi yakakurumbira yakawanda yaiva Giraut de Bornale, Bernart de Ventadorn, Markabryn, Jaufre Rudel, Peyrol.

Mitauro yenyaya dzekunyora sarudzo

Paiva nemhando dzakawanda dzezvinyorwa zvematare muProvence, asi dzakawanda dzaive: alba, kansona, pastorel, ballad, kuchema, tenson, sirventes.

Canson (mukushandura- "rwiyo") rwuri mufananidzo unoratidzirwa nenyaya yorudo.

Alba (iro rinoreva "nyeredzi yemambakwedza") rakatsaurirwa kudanana, rudo rwepasi. Rakataura kuti vadikani mushure memusangano wekuvanda vakaparadzana pamambakwedza, mushumiri kana shamwari yaimire pazvicherechedzo zvekuchengetedza zvayo.

Pastorela ingwiyo iyo nyaya yemusangano wemufudzi nemudzimai inotaurirwa.

Mukuchema, mudetembi anotambudzika, achichema mugove wake oga, kana kuchema rufu rwemunhu ari pedyo naye.

Tenson inyaya yenyaya yekunyora, mune imwe nyanzvi mbiri dzinotora chikamu, kana kuti Lady Beautiful uye nhetembo, mudetembi uye Rudo.

Sirventes - rwiyo apo nyaya dzehupfumi dzakabatwa pamusoro, iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeye: ndiani anofanirwa rudo kudarika chigamba chinonyadzisa kana munhu anonyatsokudzwa?

Izvi zvichinyorwa zvinyorwa zvine ruzivo.

Izwi remidhiyo, iro ratakambotaura nezvaro, ndiyo nyanzvi dzokuremekedza dzakanaka dzeEurope. Pashure pavo kwaiva neGerman "vaimbi vorudo" - minnesingers. Asi nhengo dzemuviri munhetembo dzavo dzakaita basa shoma kudarika muRomance, inzwi retsika rakanyanyisa.

Gwaro reNowanzwi Ruzivo

Muzana remakore rechi12 mabhuku akajeka aive akafananidzwa nekubuda kwebhuku rakagadziriswa - mhando itsva. Zvisikwa zvaro zvinosanganisira, kunze kwekunzwisisa kwekusika kwepasi rakapoteredza nekufuridzirwa, uye ruzivo rwakakura. Mabhuku ane ruzivo uye emaguta akabatana zvikuru. Vanyori varo vaisanganisira masayendisiti akaedza kuyananisira zvinangwa zvekuenzana kwevose pamberi paMwari netsika netsika dzenguva yakange iripo zvechokwadi. Sekurwisana nechekupedzisira, zvinangwa zvekuremekedza zvakauya. Iyi tsika, iyo inoratidzira mabhuku ekudzivirira muMiddle Ages, yakanga iri utopi, asi inoratidzwa munhizha.

French Knightly Novel

Zuva rayo rinotaridza Breton cycle. Nyaya inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeruzivo rweizvi nderokuti: "Brutus", "Erek naEnid", "Klizhes", "Tristan neIsolde", "Evaine", "Beautiful Stranger", "Parzifal", "Roman pamusoro peGirairi", "Wakaipa Makuva "," Perlesvaus "," Death of Arthur "nevamwe.

MuFrance zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zveMiddle Ages zvaive zvakasimirirwa. Uyezve, ndiye nzvimbo yekuberekwa yezvokutanga zvinyorwa. Vakanga vari rudzi rwekunyorwa kwemashoko ekupedzisira-Otical, Virgil, Homer, epic Celtic nhoroondo, pamwe nenyaya dzenyika dzisingazivikanwi dzeCrusaders uye nedare rwenyaya.

Chrétien de Troyes aiva mumwe wevadzidzisi vemhando iyi. Iye anozivikanwa zvikuru pamabasa ake "Ivein, kana Knight neShumba". Nyika yakasikwa naTroyes, ndiyo yekufananidzira kwechivalry, nokuti ma heroes vanogara mairi, vanoedza kuita zvinhu, nekuda kwekudaidzira. Mune ino ino, Chrétien akaratidza kuti iyo pachayo haina zvazvinobatsira, kuti chero zviitiko zvinofanirwa kunge zvingava zvine chinangwa, zvakazara nechinangwa: zvinogona kuva kudzivirirwa kwevamwe vakadzi vanonyomba, kusunungurwa kwemusikana kubva mumoto, kuponeswa kwehama dzehama dzake. Kuzvidzivirira uye kukudzwa kwaIvey kunosimbiswa noukama hwake namambo wezvikara-shumba.

Mu "Tale yeGirairi" munyori uyu akashandisa nzira dzakaoma zvikuru dzinoratidza humiro hwemunhu. Izvo zve "hero" iyo "hero" inomupa mhosva yekunyengera. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kutenderera kwechiKristu kune ruponeso rwemweya wemunhu, nokuti mukati-izvo zvinokurudzira zvakanyanyisa egoistic, asi chinangwa chikuru nekufungisisa. Percival, iyo hero yebasa racho, anosiya shamwari yake, kwete nekuda kwechitendero chisingafungi, asi sechikonzero chemanzwiro akazara, umo kusuruvara kweamai vakasiyiwa kwakasanganiswa, nechishuwo chekubatsira Mambo Fisher, sekuru wegamba.

Rudo rwekuda muGermany

Imwe nyanzvi yakakurumbira yemazana emakore, Tristan uye Isolde, ine unhu hwakasiyana chaizvo. Yakanga yakavakirwa pazvinyorwa zveIrish, kurondedzera rudo rusina kunaka rwevemwoyo madiki akanaka. Hapana humwe ruzivo rwakajeka munyaya ino, kukakavadzana pakati pemitemo yakagamuchirwa munyika yose uye zvinokurudzira vadikanwa zvinounzwa mberi. Kuda kweMambokadzi Isolde uye wechiduku waTristan anovamanikidza kuti vatsikirire basa rekuroorana uye rinoshandiswa. Chinhu chakaipa mumvuri chinowanikwa nebhuku: ma heroes anove akabatwa nekuguma, nguva.

MuGermany, nhoroondo yepamusoro yakaratidza kunyanya mukushandura kweFrance mabasa: Henry von Feldeke ("Aeneid"), Gottfried Strasbourg, Hartmann von Aue ("Ivein" uye "Erek"), Wolfram von Eschenbach ("Akasarudzwa"). Vakasiyana kubva pakupedzisira pakuwedzera kwezvinetso zvechitendero uye zvetsika.

Rudo rukuru muSpain

MuSpain, nhoroondo yepamusoro yakanga isati yaitwa kusvikira muzana remakore rechi16. Iyo inozivikanwa muzana remakore rechi14, imwe chete inonzi "Knight of Sifar." Mune zvinotevera, muzana remakore rechi15, "Curial naGuelph" uye "Tyrant White" vanoonekwa, yakanyorwa naJoanot Marturale. Muzana remakore rechi16, Montalvo akasika "Amadis Gali", uyewo zita risingazivikanwi "Palmerin de Olivia" rakaonekwa, uye vamwe, vanopfuura 50 muvose.

Rudo rukuru muItaly

Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zveMiddle Ages enyika ino zvakanyanya kunyanya kubhadhara zvirongwa. Mupiro wokutanga weItaly ndeyo nhetembo "Kupinda kuSpain," yakanyorwa nemunyori asingazivikanwe muzana remakore rechi14, pamwe chete ne "The Taking of Pamplona", kupfuurira kwayo, yakagadzirwa naNiccolo kubva kuVerona. Iyo yakawanda yeItaly yakagadzirwa mumabasa aArea da Barberino.