Kuzvidzora muzvinhu zvipenyu - nayo ... Pfungwa kuzvidzora zvipenyu nehurongwa

Kuzvidzora muzvinhu zvipenyu - ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha ehupfumi yokurarama hurongwa ndiye zvaitika chokugadza kutsigira pamwero inodiwa kwomuzvarirwo inoshanda parameters. Musimboti zvichiitika kuti hapana Kufurirwa nevamwe havasi mamaneja. Akapesanisa Zvinhu ichichinja aumba mukati kuzvipira yokudzora maitiro, uye kubatsirawo kuti pakusika guru zvakanyatsoenzana. Kunobva izvi Zvingava cyclical hunhu uye pakutangazve kupera sezvo Kumbofungatira kana kunyangarika zvimwe zvirwere.

Kuzvidzora; kukosha chaivo izwi

Chero mupenyu hurongwa, kubva muchitokisi uye kupedza biogeocenosis, vachisangana nevanhu kunze siyana zvinokonzera. Changing tembiricha ezvinhu, mwando apedza zvokudya kana akasungirirwa interspecies makwikwi - Mienzaniso vakawanda. Saka chinhanho upi hurongwa kunoenderana nokugona wayo kuramba chenguva womukati mamiriro (homeostasis). Chaiva kuzadzisa chinangwa yakadaro, uye pane kuzvidzora. The Tsanangudzo chinoreva kuti kuchinja zvakatipoteredza havasi zvakananga chokupfeka zvinhu. Vari dzikwanise anonongedzera kuti kunokonzera chimwe kusaenzana uye kutungamirira pakuparurwa kuzvidzora zvigadziriswe kuunza hurongwa shure mudanga ezvinhu. At neimwe Hazvizivikanwi nekuita ichi zvinhu izvozvo anotarisa zvakasiyana, saka kuti kunzwisisa chii kuzvidzora, ngavaroore zvizere.

Kwevari sangano yokurarama nyaya

sayenzi yemazuva inoomerera pfungwa, maererano izvo zvose zvakasikwa uye magariro zvinhu zviri hurongwa. Zvinosanganisira yoga okunze, nguva dzose kuwirirana pane dzimwe mitemo. zvinhu zvipenyu zviri asingasiyi kuti mutemo uyu, vari zvakare hurongwa pamwe yayo womukati akanyatsorongwa uye multi-pamwero mamiriro. Uyezve, sechivako ane inonakidza rutivi. Mumwe hurongwa anogona panguva kuva nhengo LEVEL uye uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. (i.e. zvose zvakafanana maitiro) rezasi hurongwa mumatunhu. Somuenzaniso, huni - matanda maatomu akafanana uye panguva imwe chete zvipuka zvine masero akawanda ezvinhu.

Kuitira kudzivisa kuvhiringidzika, mu zvipenyu zvinowanzonzi zvina zvinokosha kwevari sangano zveupenyu:

• Molecular genetics;
• ontogenetic (organismal - kubva muchitokisi vanhu);
• uwandu hwevanhu-mhando;
• biogeocenotic (mararamiro pamwero).

kuzvidzora unyanzvi

Pezvakaitwa kuitika panguva imwe neimwe izvi siyana vanotarira zvakasiyana scale, simba panobva uye ahwo, asi akafanana zvakasikwa. At moyo wavo uri chete nzira kuzvidzora enyika. Chokutanga, ndiko dzinovaka mashandiro. Inowanika nenzira mbiri: akanaka uye kunaka. Yeuka kuti zvakananga kubatana kunosanganisira kuchinjwa mashoko kubva chimwe chazvo anyatsoita mumwe, neizvi inoyerera negwara, kubva wechipiri wokutanga. Panguva iyoyowo, uye iye nevamwe anochinja mamiriro kugamuchirwa chikamu.

Positive inofambiswa kunotungamirira kuti kwemasayendisiti, izvo pakutanga yakashuma chechipiri maatomu akafanana, wakaiswa uye kuramba kuitwa. A yakafanana muitiro ndiwo musimboti upi kukura. The chinhu chechipiri kunoramba zvakareva kutanga nezvokudiwa mberi chete muitiro. Kana nyika ino anetseka hachichinji.

The huru mashandiro

Mune mamwe mabasa akaipa dzinovaka. Inotungamirira kuti chidzoke Kuchinja itsva, zvakapesana iyo chinhu wechipiri yakashuma. Somugumisiro, kubviswa uye misa pezvakaitwa, kunokanganisa zvakanyatsoenzana, uye hurongwa anova akatsiga zvakare. A nyore Fananidzo - basa simbi: tembiricha dzakaonekwa ndiyo mureza nokuchinja kure kubva kudziyisa maatomu akafanana. Negative inofambiswa ndiyo hwaro zvose kwemasayendisiti zvinobatanidzwa kuramba homeostasis.

comprehensiveness

Kuzvidzora mune zvipenyu - Maitikiro acho chakazara zvose izvi siyana. Its chinangwa - kuchengetedza simba pakuenzanisa womukati kwezvakatipoteredza. Nokuda inclusiveness acho ari nechepakati muzvikamu dzakawanda dzinongoitika sayenzi kuzvidzora. In zvipenyu, cytology ichi, physiology, mhuka uye chirimwa ikoroji. Imwe neimwe anoranga muzvirongwa nomumwe chechetere. Funga kuti izvozvo kuzvidzora, panguva huru kwevari sangano upenyu.

intracellular chechetere

Muchitokisi chimwe nechimwe kuramba inogona kuenderera pakuenzanisa womukati hwaiitwa makemikari zvigadziriswe Anonyanyowanika kushandiswa. Pakati pavo basa guru iri murau majini vatambe kuzvidzora iro kunobva kugadzirwa mapurotini.

The cyclic hunhu kwemasayendisiti iri nyore kuoneka enzymatic cheni kuguma vaidzvinyirirwa zvigadzirwa. Chinangwa mabasa remasangano ari kubudiswa kunzwisisa zvinhu kupinda nyore. Panyaya iyi kuguma chigadzirwa zvakafanana mune mamiriro wokutanga enzayemu chuma. pfuma iyi ane basa rinokosha kuramba homeostasis. The chigadzirwa anosunga kuti enzayemu uye kuchititadzisa kwayakaita somugumisiro simba STRUCTURAL kuchinja. Izvi kunoitika chete pashure kwazvo munhu finite Kuwanda zvinhu bvumidzwa chechetere. Somugumisiro, izvozvo chinomisa chinovira rikurumidze uye vapedza chigadzirwa rinoshandiswa sero zvidikanwi zvayo pachayo. Kwapera nguva, padanho zvinhu inowira pasi bvumidzwa ukoshi. Ichi chiratidzo kutanga chinovira: mapuroteni akochonorwa kubva enzayemu chinovhiringidza kwacho rinomira uye otanga zvose pamusoro zvakare.

wedzera kunzwisisa

Kuzvidzora zvakasikwa nguva dzose uchibva chinobva inofambiswa uye kazhinji inoitika zvakafanana Muchiitiko. Zvisinei, mune imwe neimwe inotevera chechetere, pane zvinhu omesa muitiro. Nokuti masero anokosha nguva dzose pamusoro womukati kwezvakatipoteredza, kuramba munhu zvakananga kukosha wevasungwa dzakasiyana zvinhu. Panguva inotevera pamwero kuzvidzora muitiro chakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa zvakawanda matambudziko. Saka, muna zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge pane yose hurongwa inotsigira homeostasis. Ichi kufema ezvinhu, yavaive, kuparadzirwa uye zvakafanana. The kudzidza Kushanduka kasvisto uye fauna of nyore rinojekesa kuti sezvo kunzwisisa nemamiriro uye kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza kuvandudza nzira kuzvidzora.

organismal pamwero

Zvakanakisisa chenguva womukati mamiriro ezvinhu anodzokororwa imwe mhuka. Hwaro kukura kuzvidzora uye ayo Implementation - iri huta uye humoral gadziriro. Kuramba kuwirirana, ivo kudzora pezvakaitwa kuitika mumuviri, inobatsira kuti zvakasikwa uye dzigadziridzwe guru zvakanyatsoenzana. Uropi anogamuchira anonongedzera kubva tsinga fibers chipo mumuviri mumwe. Izvi kuunganidza mashoko kubva kwemakemikari anobudiswa mumasero. Ukama huta uye hormone murau anobatsirawo kazhinji zvinenge nguva imwe rearrangement pamusoro pezvakaitwa.

zvaunofunga

Hurongwa waivako anogona kuonekwa kuramba BP. kuchinja zvose mune chakarurama ichi andobata chaiwo receptors riri pamidziyo ropa. Kuwedzera kana kudzikisa nevezera kunokanganisa makakatanwa kwemasvingo capillaries, mutsinga uye arteries. Rakanga riri kuchinja izvi uye woita receptors. The mureza iri chakasvitswa kuti vascular centre, uye kubva ikoko mberi "chinoratidza" sei kugadzirisa mataurire midziyo uye mwoyo. Kwakabatana uye maitiro ose neurohumoral murau. Somugumisiro, kumanikidza anodzokera dzose. Zviri nyore kuona kuti nemhaka mushandirapamwe murau hurongwa ichiri chete dzinovaka mashandiro.

Panotangira zvose

Kuzvidzora, tsanangudzo zvimwe zvinhu kuti mabasa omuviri, irimo dzose kuchinja kwomuviri, hasha dzayo kuti zviwane. Stress kushanda uye kugara mupfungwa kunogona hypertrophy dzimwe nhengo. Mienzaniso iyi dzinokudziridzwa tsandanyama kuti vatambi uye yakawedzera chiedza freediving iyi. Kuonana kushushikana kazhinji chirwere. Hypertrophy mwoyo - a kakawanda chakajairika mune vanhu vane chirwere kuti kufutisa. Ichi ndicho muviri achipindura kudiwa kuwedzera mutoro kuna kupomba ropa.

kuzvidzora zvigadziriswe nhema panguva hwaro vasiri mhinduro kuitika kana anotya. Sezvo ropa huchikandwa chitsama guru kemikari adrenaline, izvo chinoita dzinoverengeka kuchinja: kuwedzera oxygen kuparadzwa, kuwedzera uwandu shuga, vakawedzera kwemwoyo uye kuunganidza pamusoro zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. Vose Chiyero anodzokororwa nokuda chemhosva webasa dzimwe zvinoriumba, DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA kugaya, dzepabonde hunenge apere.

simba zvakanyatsoenzana

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti homeostasis, chero pamwero anogona kuchengetedzwa, hapana mhedziso. parameters Vose womukati kwezvakatipoteredza vakaramba mukati mumwe penguva tsika uye nguva dzose kwazvo muchikwidza nokuderedza inzwi. Saka, kutaura pamusoro simba zvakanyatsoenzana wegadziriro. Zvakakosha pano kuti kukosha imwe parameter hakurevi kupfuura anonzi mukoridho nokufamba, zvimwe muitiro unogona kuva pathological.

Kuenderera uye kuzvidzora mararamiro

Biogeocoenosis (mararamiro) inoumbwa maviri interconnected hurongwa: biocenosis uye biotope. Wokutanga rinomiririra raora zvipenyu yacho. Biotope - zvinhu nonliving ezvinhu apo biocenosis mupenyu. Environmental ezvinhu, nguva dzose bata zvinenge vakakamurwa muzvikwata zvitatu:

• abiotic kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu: tembiricha, chiedza, mwando nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa;
• biotic kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu: matambudziko mumwe muviri kune mumwe, akaparadzaniswa nevanhu makwikwi, symbiosis, parasitism uye predation;
• anthropogenic kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu - kuona vanhu.

Kuzviunganidzira zvinoreva zvakanaka homeostasis ezvinhu zvipenyu vari kugara kunze ezvinhu uye kuchinja zvinorwisana zvinhu. Biogeocoenosis inotsigira kuzvidzora anonyanya kwakavakirwa kwegadziriro trophic Links. Ivo hwakanyatsorwisa namahwindo cheni nawo simba inoyerera. Producers (zvinomera uye hemobakterii) kurigamuchira kubva kuzuva kana kubva nemakemikari, nokusika nawo makemikari nyaya dziri yakakodzwa consuments (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores) akawanda mirairo zvikuru. decomposers vari pakupedzisira pavaipfuura kutenderera (utachiona, mamwe marudzi nehonye) kuti anoora makemikari nyaya kupinda kwayo constituent okunze. Ivo kamwe zvakare vakapinda wemuTesitamende muchimiro zvokudya vaburitsi.

The nguva dzose pamusoro kutenderera kunosimbiswa nokuti akawanda ezvinhu zvipenyu iri ose pamwero. At kurasikirwa kwezviitiko vamwe vavo vari kutsiviwa panguva yakafanana mune mabasa avo.

zvekunze chiito

Kuramba homeostasis achabatsirwa kuramba uchinzwa kuti kunze. Kuchinja kumativi mararamiro ezvinhu kutungamirira kudiwa kuchinja zvinorwisana kwendangariro. Ziva dzakawanda kuenderera zvinodiwa:

• High uye mwero dzokubereka zvinogona vanhu;
• nomumwe Utachiona kuchinjira kumamiriro kuchinja mamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza;
• howa kusiyana uye zvokudya ngetani mapazi.

Ava vatatu zvinhu zvinoita kuti kwerunyararo mararamiro vachingotya simba zvakanyatsoenzana. Saka, kuzvidzora biogeocoenose dhigiri zvipenyu - ari kubereka remhuka, ndichengetedze vemo uye zvakatipoteredza zvinhu isimbe. Saka, sezvo zvakaita munhu muviri, kuti hurongwa nepakati havagoni kuva neMhedziso.

Pfungwa kuzvidzora yokurarama hurongwa anovapavhurira inorondedzerwa mapatani uye munharaunda evanhu uye paruzhinji nemasangano. Zvinowanzoshandiswa zvarinotaura uye zvepfungwa. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi ndeimwe chinokosha dzidziso nesayenzi yemazuva ano.