Kutungamira-machena kutungamirira, dzimba, kugadzira, kushandiswa, kukuvadza kuhutano

Mineral paints emuchena mutsvuku, yakagadzirwa pamusana pekutungamirira, inonzi zita remaminerari, iyo iri chikamu chekuumbwa kwayo, kutungamirira mutsvuku. Zvichienderana nedzimwe nyika, nguva uye nzira yekugadzira, kutungamira-mazamu akaitwa zvakasiyana-siyana kunonzi: psimithion, Dutch, cerussa, mutezo wekushanda kana kungova silvery, Klagenfurt, white venetian, tsvina yakachena yakachena, nezvimwewo.

Nhoroondo yezvinoitika

Ikokutanga yebhaibheri yakafambiswa yakarondedzerwa muzvinyorwa zvemuGiriki munyori Dioscorides muzana remakore rechina BC. Kunyange panguva iyoyo vaiziva pamusoro pezvinhu zvekutungamira uye vanogona kuita mapira kubva pairi. Kwapera nguva pfupi teknolojia yekugadzira yaiva yakachena, kana, sokudanwa kwavaiitwa, cerussa, yakatsanangurwa nevanyori veRoma vakadaro sa Vitruvius, Pliny naTheophrastus. Mune "mutsva" chiedza chitsvene chinonzi leaden chakatanga kuonekwa muHolland kare kare muMiddle Ages. Kudyara kwemashizha kwakakurumidza kunowanikwa kuparadzirwa kwakawanda, uye kushandiswa kwavo kwakaramba kuri kukura. Pasinei neizvi, musayendisiti Bergman chete pakuguma kwezana remakore rechi18 akakwanisa kuzivisa makemikari emurairi.

Asi yeRussia, nhoroondo yekushandiswa nekugadzirwa kwevatungamiri vemachena haisi yekare, makore zana chete apfuura vakatanga kubudiswa kubva kwatiri. Peint inotungamirirwa nekutungamirira muhombe yakawanda inobudiswa mu Yaroslavl, iyo inonzi inonyanya kushandiswa kwemuchena. Kusvika iye zvino, kune zvikwata zvakawanda zvakabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemavara machena, ayo anozivikanwa pasi rese.

Chikamu chekushandiswa

Zvinorambidzwa kushandisa mutungamiri mutsvuku sechinoshandiswa kune mamwe mavara. Izvo zvinoenderana nekushanda kwavo pakuronga kunoshanda nekuda kwehutano hwepamusoro hwechigadzirwa. Mumiedzo inoshamisa, inobvumirwa kushandisa mutsva wakagadzirwa nemasimbi.

Kana zvisinei kushandiswa kwemuchena mutungamiri kunoshandiswa mubasa, saka kunyatsoteerera mitemo yezvokuchengetedza yakatemerwa munyaya yekushandisa yakadaro kugadzirira kunokosha. Nemhaka yekukuvadza kwemuviri wemunhu, kunyange sechikamu chemavara chinorambidzwa kushandisa mutungamiri mutsvuku.

Nemhaka yehutachiona hwepamusoro, kushandiswa kwemucheno kunotungamirirwa pamatongerwo enyika. Nokudaro, mitemo ye 1909 ne1926 yakakonzera kuderera kwakakosha kwekugadzirwa kwegore kwependi idzi muFrance. Pirairi gumi nemaviri uye mashizha emakungwa munyika ino akabudisa matani anopfuura 20 000 emuchena pagore, panguva ino mavheti haapfuri matani zana. Mitemo iyi, zvinosuruvarisa, inoshanda chete munharaunda yeFrance, kune dzimwe nyika kushandiswa kwevatungamiri vatsvene hakusi kumutemo chete.

Properties of lead lead

Izvo zvinobudiswa muchimiro chemuviri wakaremara wakave wakagadzika. Kana yakafurirwa nemapupuri, acetic acid vapor mafomu anotungamirira mutsvuku. Ruvara rwavo, kutonga nezita, rakachena. Pamusana pemamiriro ekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, shoma shota rinotakura rinowanikwa mune zvakagadzirwa. Izvi zvinokanganisa kunhuwidza kwemuchena mutsvuku, vane unhu hwakasvibira zvishoma, uye chiyero che-main acetic munyu wekutungamirira haufaniri kudarika 1% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakaipa.

Mineral paints, ine mutsvuku unotungamirira, ine simba guru rekufukidza uye nguva pfupi yekuoma. Kusvika kusvika 10 muzana yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwependi ndiyo kushandiswa kwamafuta. Mumhepo yakavhara, kupenya kunokurumidza kusimbisa, uye izvi zvinowanikwa mukati mehupamhi hwepende. Izvo zvinoenderana nehutano hunoti mhepo inotungamirira inowanikwa mukudhindwa mumitambo yakasiyana-siyana uye mune mukugadzirwa kwemafuta-based primer kupfeka.

Iyo yakagadzirwa uye, nokudaro, kukwanisa kuoma nokukurumidza, mapeji aya anoshandiswa nyore nyore kune zvimwe zvinhu, zvichiguma nei izvo zvishoma nezvishoma kuoma zvinononoka zvinokurumidza kupera pamusoro pehuwandu hwavo hwose. Iko inonyanya kukosha pakuisa pasi pasi, sezvo yakakonzerwa nekunyadzisa kwekupedzisira, asi yakanyatsobatanidzwa kune zvikamu zvinotevera uye usingadi.

Mutemo mukushandiswa kwemuchena mutungamiri

Pamwe pamwe nekubatsira kwakananga kwekushandisa mutungamiri mutsvuku, vane huwandu hwakawanda hwekusavadza.

Chokutanga pane zvose, zvakakosha kucherechedza zvakanyanya kutyisa kwehupfu. Paunenge uchikuya, unofanira kutevera mitemo yose yekuchengetedza, kuitira kuti pfupa isati yapiswa. Kwete chete mamiriro ehutu hwakaipisisa anozivikanwa, asiwo matambudziko anouraya.

Kutungamirira mutsvuku kunogona kuchinja chiedza chawo. Kana ichiiswa kune hydrogen sulfide, inotanga kutanga kupisa, uye yakanyatsotswa yakaiswa dema. Izvi zvinongoitika chete kana pasina kukwana kwebinder mumuchena. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoshandiswa zvakare. Kuti atenge nzvimbo yakaiswa pomufananidzo wepakutanga, pende inofanira kurapwa nehydrogen peroxide, inogona kuchinja sulfuri yeronda kuchena sulphate.

Muchidimbu chealkaline, mucheka hauna kunyatsogadzikana, saka nei vasina kukodzera alkaline tempera uye frescoes.

Mukupenda, izvi zvakanyatsoonekwa. Kutungamirira mutsvuku, kubvongerwa nemafuta einseed, vane simba rekuchinja chiedza. Kana mufananidzo wacho wakashandurwa kubva pahwindo uye unotungamirirwa kurusvingo, pende yakagadzirwa nemutungamiri wemhepo inotendeuka yeruva, asi inokwanisa kudzorera muto wepakutanga kana imwe nguva inogamuchira zuva rakananga.

Mhando dzakachena

Kusvika iye zvino, marudzi akasiyana emavhena anoshandiswa. Mutungamiri, zinc uye titanium ndiyo inowanikwa.

Kutungamira - yekare-kare, inowanzoshandiswa nevashambadzi vekare. The plus is that you can apply transparent layers, and the paint is dry quickly. Iine chimiro chakashandura uye chinonyatsogadzikana. Asi chinonyanya kukanganisa ndechekutyisa.

Titanium white. Havasi vashoma vanozivikanwa pakati pevanyori uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana nekutungamirira mutsvuku. Iyi pende ndiyo yakachena kupfuura dzose mumutsetse, asi iyo inoshandiswa ndeyokuti haisi pachena uye inonyatsorongedza mamwe maoneso.

Muchena aya anozivikanwa zvikuru nevadzidzisi vehari. Vanopindira zvakananga muvhu, uye kana izvi zvisingakwani, zvinoshandiswa zvichiri mberi nechepamusoro.

Zinc white Haasi akaenzana seti titanium mutsvuku saka saka inoshandiswa kugadzira uye kuisa pachena. Nzira yepende iri inongova nguva yakareba yekuoma.

Dutch way

Iyi ndiyo nzira yekutanga uye yakwegura yekubudiswa kwemuchena mutungamiri. Nokuda kweiyo nzira, kutakura mahwendefa ane upamhi hwema 2-3 mm hutemwa hukanya kusvika kusvika masendimita masere uye hunoiswa muhari yakaiswa mukati mevhu, paunenge uchiputira mhepo. Poto inofanira kuva inenge 1 litre, uye usapfuure masendimita makumi maviri pakureba 250 ml yevhiniga inodururwa munzvimbo imwe chete. Poto inowanikwa mumitsara muzvitini zvezvitini uye, interspersed ne zvikamu zvegorosi yemabhiza, kuwedzera. Pachifukidziro chepasi pasi pakashamba yemafuta, pane iyo yekutanga yetira inogadziriswa, kubva kumusoro iyo yakafukidzwa nematafura mapurisa nemapuranga, uye nguva dzakaparadzana pakati pehari dzazarawo nemuriwo. Nenzira iyi, mapikisi akaiswa muzvikamu kusvika kumusoro.

Munguva yekuvirisa manyowa, kupisa kunobudiswa, izvo zvinoita kuti kubuda kweAictic acid. Apo okisijeni inogadziriswa kubva mumhepo, mhepo inotungamirira-inotora inoumbwa, iyo inotendeuka kuti inotungamirira-cored salt, iyo inotungamirira mutsvuku. Kuparadzana kunopenya kubva kumatsetse ekufambisa, iyo inotyisa, inowanzowanzo. Iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nokuda kwezvinangwa izvi inonzi Nyanga yeHondo.

Nzira yeGermany

Kusiyana pakati pemutauro wechiGermany neDutch ndeyezvinyorwa. Mapepa anotungamira haasanganiswa muhari, asi anosungirwa mumakamuri ezvitini uye ematanda. Uye zvino nzira yekutsvaga actic acid uye oksijeni yakafanana. Kazhinji kazhinji nenzira iyi inoshandisa chigamba Major.

Nzira yeFrance

Tenar akarondedzera nzira yechiFrench yekuita mutsvuku. Kwaari, kutanga sarudzo yeAactic-lead lead salt inogadzirwa, iyo iyo carbon dioxide inopfuurira kuburikidza nayo. Somugumisiro, muchena unosunungurwa, uye inenge yakawanda acetic-inotora munyu inoramba iri mhinduro. Iyi nzira inopfuurira, sezvo mumararamiro akapararira goro rinoputika zvakare, richiumba munyu waunonyanya.

English way

Iyi nzira yekubvisa nyeredzi inotungamirira yakaoma kunzwisisa, uye ndicho chikonzero munguva pfupi yapfuura yakashandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma. Mumakumbo asinganzwisisiki, glue, yakakanyiwa ne 1% solution yekutungamirira shuga, inoiswa. Ikoko anotenderera nemubatsiri wevashushi. Inobatwa nejet ye carbon dioxide.

Nokuda kweiyo nzira iyo inonyanya kukosha kuti hapachina kusvibiswa mukati meganda, kana zvisinei kuti whitewash inogona kuwana mumvuri usingadi.