Kushanda titanium chena

Mumwe zviviri chena, kupfuura yaiwanzoshandiswa kupenda ano - chena titanium. Ndivo mukuru mune zvimwe zvayo mamwe marudzi nevanhu vane unhu - kutungamirira uye zinc.

Background: Lead

The chena pendi yaishandiswa vemifananidzo kubva munguva dzekare. Kunyange muzana remakore rokutanga BC, dzakaitika wokuRoma Pliny akarondedzera mutoo rakasikwa munhu chena mutobvu Chips nevhiniga. Zvadaro, ano yayo pagadzirwe chena kutungamirira yambokurukurwa ose makuru nyika yokuEurope. Vari zvinowanzoshandiswa painting, iconography, nokuti michina zvinodiwa. Zvisinei, kutungamirira - zvikuru muchetura zvinhu. Zvakakanganiswa chena zvinotungamirira vemifananidzo nyanzvi uye vavaki, uyewo varombo, mubasa kugadzirwa dzavo, hazvibviri kuverenga.

zen'e

Paiva nzira madhayi - dzenzou chena, chakagadzirwa mapfupa makwayana, choko chena, eggshells uye kunyange namaparera. Asi vose vakanga zvisingawanzoitiki chaizvo, zvakaoma kugadzira saka zvinodhura. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kuti vaimbi vakaramba kushandisa muchetura kutungamirira. Mhando More zvakajairika - kaolin, namavara akanaka, sarufa, kutungamirira uye gaba - ichiri kwete kuti kugadzirwa zvemaBhaibheri chena kutungamirira.

Izvi zvakaramba kusvikira 1780, apo vaviri kemisiti French Bernard Courtois uye Louis-Bernard Guyton of Morveau, akatanga kutsvaka pendi shoma ngozi. sarudzo dzavo dzakawira zingi oxide, yakavakirwa izvo vakawana chena zvishoma muchetura. Dambudziko rakanga mutengo wavo. Zingi oxide Aikosha nguva zvina anodhura pane kutungamirira, vemifananidzo vakawanda saka akaramba akatendeka wekare zvinhu.

Titan

Pakupera ari XVIII remakore wokuEngland William Gregor uye German Klaproth vakawana wamboonekwa simbi, vakazochinja yakatsiva vatungamirire vakawanda kugadzirwa chena. Asi asati pakutanga XX remakore titanium kwainzi maturo, zvisinei regai ikodzere simbi. Chete muna 1908, mishonga European vakawana kushandisa nokuti - titanium yakasviba yaishandiswa pagadzirwe itsva mhando chena. Kubva 1920, Europe yave raparurwa vakawanda kugadzirwa titanium yakasviba pigments anotsiviwa zvinenge zvakakwana kutungamirira kumusika. Russia asati awana chete utsanzi kune thirties remakore rapfuura. Nokuda chokwadi ichi, vatsvakurudzi dzichengete kusiyanisa echokwadi mabasa mukutanga ramakumi remakore kubudikidza nekunyengera: hanya Vaikopa regai funga kuti Russian chains-garde akanyora kunyanya kushandisa chena kutungamirira, titanium vakazochinja vaidzvinyirirwa.

Kuenzanisa rakasiyana-siyana chena

• Toxicity. White kutungamirira yakasiyana zvikuru chepfu uye pari kushandiswa bedzi mune mavara. International Association of Labor Protection rinorambidza kupenda masvingo kurarama dzokugara pamwe chena kutungamirira. Men-Painters gumi nemasere makore nevakadzi vemazera hazvibvumidzwe paaishanda mutobvu. Zvishoma chepfu zingi chena, vanonyepera hapana ngozi kuupenyu, uye titanium chinogona kunyorwa pasina kukuvadza utano.
• Opacity (akavanda simba). Zingi oxide vane yepasisa opacity, saka kuti vari kubudirira kushandiswa dzekare kupenda kuri pachimedu. Titanium chena kuri pachimedu kuti hazvibatsiri nokuti nhau yavo zvikuru yepamusoro (2.7). Asi ivo rakanakira zvakawanda gobvu kupenda la Prima - ruvara ichi zvakanaka pamusoro mamwe mavara.
• Hue. Zingi oxide vane zvishoma warm inzwi titanium - chando.
• Nemishonga. Zingi oxide, kunyanya panguva yakakwirira ingi rukoko ukobvu, pakupedzisira akafukidza makatsemuka. Sezvo titanium yakasviba pigments kuti zvikasaitika - mumwe rudzi dzavo simba zvokuti rinoshandiswa kuti kupenda chitundumuseremusere chakasvitsa. White kutungamirira kuri simba chaizvo - kuti chikwereti chavo Kuchengetedzwa mabasa vatenzi akare.

Zvimwe zviri titanium yakasviba pigments

Nokufamba kwenguva, basa, rakanyorwa titanium yakasviba pigments, vangadzidza rinokwanisa kucheneruka tint. Mumafuta kupenda chena anofanira kushandiswa nokungwaririra. Havana varumbidzwa kuti hwakakanyiwa vamwe mavara: azure, cobalt, cadmium. Kana zvakasiyana razbelivaniya zvingaguma kuitika navo, uye zvinoumba kusagadzikana mavara akakura. Titanium chena chijana yeyero pamusoro nguva. Titanium yakasviba kana hwakakanyiwa Organic pigments vangava rakabuda ruvara pamusoro nguva. Hazvina yakarumbidza kufukidza basa nokushandiswa titanium chena mafuta copal varnish - achiipa hakudzivisiki.

Nemhaka zvikanganiso zvose izvi nepakati maviri remakore, vemifananidzo vakaramba kushandisa titanium yakasviba pigments. Kugadzirwa wavo akanga akarembedzwa. Asi vamwe Titanium White - acrylic, gouache kana tempera anobudiswa panguva pamwero chete. Ivo zvinobudirira akaramba achishandiswa Painters zhinji. Titanium White Oil yakarebesa ari mupurigatori - dzakakwirira chifukidziro simba ravo, asiri chepfu uye vashoma chipa vakadzokera navo echiShinto, uye nhasi munhu anogona, mune tsika, kuti vaone kana ravo kushandiswa anogamuchirwa naye.