Kushandiswa rabha mune zvokurapa uye indasitiri. Kushandiswa rwokuzvarwa rabha: Mienzaniso

Rubber chinhu makemikari remubatanidzwa vane zvinoriumba makuru kabhoni uye rehydrogen. Ibvai akamubudisa chaiyo Woody zvinomera, kazhinji rinonzi rabha. Vamiririri ava nemiti chizvarwa kuti dzinopisa. nhengo dzavo (michero, mashizha, mapazi, hunde, midzi) ane latex. Izvi hazvisi samafuta mvura muto, botanists, masayendisiti achiri nechokwadi specificity kuti kukosha kwayo kuti upenyu chirimwa muviri. It latex panguva coagulation vakawana zvikukutu kwakavharwa nenyama guru, inova dzinongoitika uye dzinongoitika rabha.

History of kuwanikwa rwokuzvarwa rabha

Mupiro Hristofora Kolumba kukura nyika yebudiriro haringorevi mukuru nenzvimbo matongo. Yakanga chikepe chake, kuti chikonzi kuchitsuwa Hispaniola muna 1493, ndokutora kuSpain, nezvibereko zvomunda rabha wokutanga. Zvakanga rubbery bouncy bhora, izvo veko akaita kubva muto kuti miti inogadziriswa rabha - miti yakawanikwa pamahombekombe ari Amazon. Achiona sezvo maIndia nechido akakanda anoshamisa chinhu, riri kusvika muvhu, uye kunyange bounced, somunhu mupenyu, kufanana pakuita kusvetuka, vanhu vokuSpain haana zvakakomba kushamiswa. Pashure kuedza kubata bouncy bhora, vakasvika pakugumisa kuti chinoremedza zvakakwana, uye kunyange akateerera ayo stickiness uye maitiro kunhuwa youtsi.

Kushandiswa rabha kubva maIndia hakusi kudaro shoma. madzinza Local kwete chete vairidza bhora, asi rinoshandiswa siyana mitambo yechitendero. Uye muto muti, kubva iyo rwaiwanikwa, vaiona chitsvene uye akaitumidza "rabha chigadzirwa", iro rinoreva "matanda misodzi."

Pakati curiosities Vakauya naye Columbus kuSpain, paivawo bhora ichi chinoshamisa. Kubva panguva iyoyo akatanga nhoroondo kushandiswa rabha.

Yokutanga kuedza kushandisa

Asi vokuEurope havana akabhadhara yakakwana kuteerera chinoshamisa maIndia. Uye kusvikira XVIII remakore haana kufunga kuti wakafara uye siyana kwakaita rabha. Chete kana nhengo rwendo French kushanyira inopisa masango South America, akanga zvakare akauya kuna Europe, isu akateerera kwaari. Of kunyange mubereko mukuru akauya apo musayendisiti French S. Condamine, vachitaura panguva Assembly of Paris Academy of Sciences, akaratidza mimwe fuma iyi, akaratidza nzira zvichibvira mafomu uye zvigadzirwa zvakaitwa nayo.

rakafara kushandiswa kwemishonga rabha mu Europe akatanga kumativi 1770, apo mumwe chishongedzo itsva aoneka muzvikoro - gummilastik, yaishandiswa kudzima penzura mitsetse.

Zvino vakatanga kushingaira kutsvaka zvichiita nzvimbo kushandiswa rabha. Zviri panguva nokugadzirwa kufamba ndakaisa simbi mumakumbo uye rabha shinda. A wokuScotland muvambi Charles Macintosh wafungidzira kugadzira nhete paiva rabha pakati maviri akaturikidzana rejira, nokudaro kuwana jira isapinda. Izvi zvinhu aiva anopenga kukurumbira majasi raiwedzera zita rayo kubva muvambi. Vakadaidzwa Macs.

Pokuwa rabha indasitiri

Initial kuedza kuvandudza kugadzirwa isapinda shangu dzaiva kubudirira. Galoshes, kunyange kuva kwazvo mufashoni kwenguva pfupi, asi kushanda hakusi zvakasiyana. In nechando, vanogona kutsemuka, asi ari kupisa kusvika ikavhunduka uye akapa kure risingafadzi kwakanaka.

Vanotanga nechido hazvina kugara kwenguva refu. Mune rimwe makore iwayo munzvimbo zhinji Europe yakanga inopisa chaizvo yechirimo. Nokupesvedzera yakakwirira tembiricha zvinogadzirwa rabha indasitiri dzikava yakaipisisa-hwema guru. emakambani zvose indasitiri ino akabva kusauka.

Panovhurwa Charles Goodyear

Uye hapana munhu angadai akafunga zvakawanda pamusoro galoshes uye Macs, kana kwete nokuti kutsungirira weAmerican Charles Goodyear. Iye ndikazvipira nokuwana nzira kusikwa zvakanaka rabha zvinhu kwemakore akawanda.

Goodyear aipedza yakawanda kwacho, vachisanganisa rabha pamwe anenge munhu wose. Akawedzera pauri, uye munyu, uye mhiripiri, uye jecha, uye kunyange muto. Apedzera mari yake yose uye simba, ivo vakatanga kare tariro. Asi kuita ake vakanga korona kubudirira asi. VaGumbo sarufa remubatanidzwa vakaona kuti simba uye elasticity, uye nani chafariz pakusimba.

Saka, akakwanisa kugadzirisa rabha. Properties uye Applications akwirwe itsva zvakare akava chinhu nokudzidza masayendisiti uye maindasitiri. Goodyear zvichiguma zvinhu zvino tinoti rabha, uye muitiro umo chichigamuchirwa - vulcanizing kuti rabha.

The rabha tiguu

Pashure shamisa Huro kuti musayendisiti anofara vakawira dzakawanda inopa kutenga bvumidzwa nokuda nokugadzirwa zvinhu. Kushandiswa rabha kuti kugadzirwa rabha rava kwazvo. Kuti izvi zvidaro, anenge zvose nyika makatanga kutsvaka nzira kurimwa mundima yavo miti inogadziriswa rabha. Panyaya iyi, kupfuura wakakomborerwa kweBrazil, nokuti ndizvo mamiriro aiva muridzi zvakawanda mumatanda zvinomera dzakadaro. hurumende kuBrazil kuwana yakawanda nesimba kuti tirambe anotambura munzvimbo iyi, iri zvachose wairambidza aina mbeu duku miti zvirimwa rabha. Nokuti mhosva iyi rufu akanga kunyange hwakatangwa.

Asi wokuEngland Vikgem ane musori tsika, akakwanisa kusvika pamahombekombe Amazon, apo abudisa muchivande uye akatumira muUK 70,000 rabha muti mbeu. Uye kunyange zvazvo Breeders vemo kwete pakarepo dzikava pamusoro munharaunda yakasiyana okunze kukura dzinopisa chirimwa, nemhaka ravo papera nguva akaonekwa pamusika mumwe isingadhuri oornag Chirungu rabha.

Zvichakadai, kushandiswa rwokuzvarwa rabha akava rakafara kuti uwandu rabha yava kupfuura 100 000. It kwakatangwa kugadzirwa akawandisa zvigadzirwa zvitsva: conveyor mabhandi uye kuputira, "chingamu" nokuti mucheka, rabha shangu, nevana Balloons uye zvichingodaro. . Zvisinei, kushandisa chikuru dzinongoitika rabha kwave chokuita motokari indasitiri apo wokutanga motokari-yagadzirwa, uye ipapo matai.

Kushandiswa rabha uye rabha munyika yedu yakanga kwenguva refu kunobva kwavo kugadzirwa vanorumwe mbishi zvinhu. Chete kana vakawana voikukkien muKazakhstan, kwakabva ane rabha, wokutanga rabha zvigadzirwa kubva mumhuri zvinhu. Asi kwakanga chaizvo unoparadza nguva-muitiro, sezvo rabha pakusarudza dandelions midzi Zvinotora refu chaizvo nguva nokuda kwayo pasi pfungwa (16-28%).

Kugadzirira chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha

Zviwanikwa zvakasikwa rabha asingadi kusangana yakakwirira zvinodiwa vemo zvinhu kubva ichi zvinhu. Zvino zvikuru pamwero ndiyo kugadzirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha.

SV Lebedev muna 1910 kokutanga akapiwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha. Mashoko nokuti kugadzirwa butadiene akanga dzinounzwa kubva panyaya iyi. Gare gare, nokuita polymerization maitiro achishandisa esimbi yavaibvisa rwaiwanikwa butadiene chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha.

Industrial kugadzirwa kwezvinhu chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha

Muna 1925, SV Lebedev akaisa pachangu basa kuwana muindasitiri nzira kwetunhu rabha. zvakanzi zvinobudirira kugadziriswa makore maviri. Laboratory nzira yokutanga shoma churu rabha vakanga synthesized. It Lebedev akatanga kudzidza ehupfumi ari rabha, uye kukura Quick wabvisa zvakafanira mutengi nhumbi.

Uye mumakore akatevera kushandiswa rabha inokosha Chinangwa S. V. Lebedeva. Rakanga riri nzira yake chirimwa rokutanga nenyika kuti pave zvinhu izvi rwaiwanikwa kuburikidza batch mangé ichi mashoko maindasitiri pezvose wokutanga.

Munguva kubva 1932 kusvika 1990, Soviet Union kwave mutungamiri tichitarisa kurimwa munyika indasitiri. Kushandisa chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha zvinobvira kuwedzera kuwanda unyanzvi rabha zvigadzirwa, zvikurukuru: zvigadzirwa akagadzirwa nyoro rabha, shangu inotsika, sepombi siyana uye hoses, sealants uye adhesives, pendi nezvimwe latex anotsanangura.

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha: Properties uye Applications

Zvino kuwanda chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha yakawedzera yekudyidzana kana ichienzaniswa pakati XX remakore. siyana zvingava zvakasiyana chaizvo makemikari anoumba uye nevatengi zvivako. Kupatsanura pakati chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha inobva musiyano pakati monomers zvinoshandiswa gadziriro yayo. Saka, pane isoprene, butadiene, chloroprene uye zvimwe zvakawanda. Maererano neimwe kupatsanura, rubbers akakamurwa mhando zvichienderana maitiro mapoka kwemaatomu hunoumba sezvamunoita yavo. Somuenzaniso, wakaziva mhando polysulfide, silicone rubbers uye zvakafanana. D.

Nzira huru kubudisa chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha - the polymerization pamusoro dienes uye alkenes. Rakajairika monomers mune iyi inogona kunzi butadiene, isoprene, ethylene, acrylonitrile uye nevamwe.

Dzimwe mhando polysulfide, polyurethane rabha anogadzirwa imwe condensation maitiro.

Rubbers kuti vakawanda uye anokosha chinangwa

Maererano chikumbiro Minda rubbers inogona rakakamurwa rwevanhu uye chinokosha chinangwa zvokuvakisa. Vamiririri boka rokutanga vane mubatanidzwa zvivako izvo zvinoita kuzvishandisa kuti pagadzirwe zvigadzirwa siyana, kwakavharwa nenyama ehupfumi kunofanira kuitikawo zvavo tembiricha. Asi kushandisa unokosha-chinangwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha rinoponesa zvivako uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, semuenzaniso, achifuridzirwa chando uye moto, ozone uye okisijeni, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Isoprene rabha: kushanda

Musi Zvinoumba isoprene rabha zvikuru zvakafanana dzinongoitika. Somugumisiro, kuwanda zvivako izvi zvinhu zvikuru -enderana.

zvazvakanakira zvinosanganisira murombo nemishonga yakakwirira tembiricha ozone uye yakananga chezuva. ndiwo chinhu kuti inoita shoma akakurumbira isoprene rabha - Low simba cohesive pamusoro rabha yakavakirwa pavo. kunyoresa zvakaoma nokuda vawedzere stickiness, kushaya pepuranga uye kuerera. Asi monolithic zvinogadzirwa kuti haadi yokuwanda zvikamu mukomboni, isoprene rubbers anoshandiswa nevakawanda.

rabha makwapa akasvibirika

Kushandiswa rabha mune zvokurapa uyewo kunoitika. The inonyanya chigadzirwa pamusoro zvokurapa indasitiri, kunokonzerwa nokushandiswa rabha - boka-aid. Zviri musanganiswa rabha uye somushonga chokuita zvinhu. Zvakanakira makwapa akasvibirika dzakadaro:

• Kwenguva refu ndichengetedze tackiness;
• kugarisana zvinodhaka zhinji;
• harmlessness;
• shungu kushandiswa.

The kugadzirwa kwacho ine Kuparadzwa 1 chikamu rabha mumativi 12 peturu. Zvino chakaunzwa mhinduro dzimwe chokuita zvinoriumba: turpentine (kunowedzera stickiness), lanolin (kunotadzisa nokuomesa), zingi oxide (simba kutsamwa), zvinodhaka (kuchirapa mugumisiro akasikwa).

Anodyara dzakagadzirwa rabha

Zvechokwadi zvinokosha rabha nyaya anganzi munhu nhego anodyara. Kushandiswa rabha mukurima kwavo achiri ichangopfuura uye kwaiva kutanga kwenguva itsva kukura zvokurapa.

Tracheal anodyara ndiwo zvinhu zviri poliaktilatov, polysiloxanes, polyamides. Chakagadzirwa mwoyo uye nhengo dzayo yakagadzirwa polyurethane uye polioksilanov. Polyethylene uye polypropylene ndiwo mashoko hwokubereka kudyara zvikamu yegurokuro, uye polyvinyl chloride ndiyo chikuru chezvinonhuwira ari kudyara vamwe zvikamu zvomudumbu hurongwa. Hazvizivi tsinga yakagadzirwa polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene uye polypropylene. Kuti tiwane vanhu vakaremara, mapfupa itsva uye mapfundo kubatsira polyacrylates, polyamides, polyurethanes.

Kushandiswa rabha mu maindasitiri zvigadzirwa

The kukosha rabha mu National upfumi hwakakura kwazvo. Zvisinei, kushandisa rwokuzvarwa rabha kwayo chaiyoiyo chimiro - husiri nyore kuwana. It anowanzodanwa kushandiswa senzvimbo rabha. Products akaita izvi zvinhu zvinowanikwa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva kumativi ose. Izvi waya kuputira, uye gadzira shangu nembatya, uye motokari matai, uye zvakawanda.

Ari shangu indasitiri anoshandiswa, sezvo mutemo, zvinotevera mhando rabha: porous (sole), dehwe-kufanana (rezasi chikamu shangu), segirazi (pazvitsitsinho).

Kushandiswa dzinongoitika rabha uye ayo chakaita zvokugadzirwa analogues vasiri netsaona kuva ubiquitous. Vane basa akawanda evanhu zvinodiwa, ari mumwe seanokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvizhinji zvokuvakisa.