Krypton - makemikari maatomu akafanana. fomura krypton

On redu pachine muzvizhinji dzakasiyana yeimwe, makemikari uye chicherwa zvinhu. Saka, murume pachena, synthesized uye anoshandiswa zvinopfuura hafu yemiriyoni zvivako zviri makemikari nyika uye vanopfuura 500,000 kunze kwayo. Uye rimwe gore nhamba iyi kukura, sezvo kukura makemikari indasitiri haasi akamira, nyika dziri kushingaira kugadzira uye kukurudzira nayo.

Asi zvinoshamisa kunyange kuti. Uye chokwadi kuti zvose zvakasiyana-siyana izvi zvinhu vakavaka vose 118 zvine maatomu akafanana. Ndizvo chaizvo kwazvo! Periodic hurongwa zvine maatomu akafanana ndizvo hwaro, izvo zvakajeka zvinoratidza kusiyana pamusoro Organic uye inorganic nyika.

Kupatsanura pakati zvine maatomu akafanana

Pane zvakawanda zvaunogona gradation date zvivako. Saka, periodic table mu kemisitiri conditionally mapoka mapoka maviri:

• Metal zvinhu (ruzhinji);
• nonmetals (nechepazasi chikamu).

Pakazoti wokutanga kumusoro okunze iri pazasi Muganhu notional diagonal kubva Boron kusvikira astatine, uye wechipiri - ndivo kumusoro. Zvisinei, pane kunze kupatsanura ichi Somuenzaniso, tini (iripo mune alpha- uye Beta-chimiro, mumwe icho - simbi, uye mumwe - a nonmetal). Naizvozvo, kwakadaro musiyano wezvinyorwa rinonzi kuparadzana haagoni zvachose zvakanaka.

Uyewo periodic hurongwa zvine maatomu akafanana zvinogona Classified maererano ehupfumi okupedzisira.

1. Kuva zvinhu ehupfumi (achidzikisa) - nezvekumwe nesimbi, zvinhu chikuru boka 1,2 boka (dzakakudzingai beryllium).
2. Kuva acidic ehupfumi (oxidants) - zvemo nonmetals. 6.7 Zvimwe zvinhu huru mapoka, Sub-mapoka.
3. Amphoteric ehupfumi (hunyambiri) - zvose nesimbi uye Sub-mapoka mamwe pamusoro.
4. Zvinhu, nonmetals, uye anozviratidza sezvo yokuderedza nevasori uye sezvo oxidants (zvichienderana maitiro mamiriro).

Kakawanda iri saka kudzidzwa zvine maatomu akafanana. chikoro 8 mugwaro pakutanga kudzidza zvose hurongwa kuyeuka hunhu mazita uye mataurirwo muchiRussia. Ichi chinhu chinodiwa kuti munhu akwanise Kugona kemisitiri mune ramangwana, nemhaka zvose. Periodic table mu kemisitiri anogara mune maonero vana, asi kuziva vakawanda uye reactivity vavo vachiri kuva.

A boka unokosha ino anotora wechisere. Pezvokuvamba chikuru subgroup vari akakudzwa - vanokudzwa - gasi ravo rakapera zvemagetsi anoshongwa uye, sezvo zvakaguma pasi makemikari reactivity. Mumwe wavo - krypton, makemikari chinhu pa nhamba 36 - ichakurukurwa nesu zvizere. Vakasara vaaishanda navo patafura ndiwo chakanaka magasi uye anoshandiswa nevakawanda nemunhu.

Krypton - makemikari Kufananidzira

Izvi ugere Periodic System iri nguva wechina, boka worusere, huru subgroups. Serial nhamba, uye nokudaro uwandu maerekitironi nokuchengeta yenyukireya (nhamba protons) = 36. Kubva ichi tinogona kugumisa kuti chii chichava electronic yokuita krypton. Uzvinyore: _{+ 36} Kr 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4S ² 4p ^{10 6} 3d.

Zviri pachena kwokunze simba zvakadini atomu zvizere rakapera. Izvi anosarudza rakadzika kwazvo reactivity kuti maatomu akafanana izvi. Zvisinei, pasi zvimwe zvinhu asi anokwanisa kupinda simba zvimwe siyana yakatsiga gasi akadai krypton. Chemical chaikosha, kana panzvimbo, ake nzvimbo munyika, zvemagetsi mamiriro, uye kubvumira kuti vawane chimwe maitiro inokosha iri atomu: Valencia. Ndiko, kukwanisa kuumba nemakemikari zvisungo.

Kazhinji tinoti kuti inenge nguva nokuti vaisava kufara kworudzi maatomu akaenzana boka nhamba, umo riri (kana kuverenga kubva pakutanga kusvika chechina kuitira, uye ipapo ndiEzekieri, 1234321). Zvisinei, kuti Valence pakati krypton ari mugwaro rino hakukodzeri, nekuti hapana chimwezve simba mbiru, kureva pasina excitation pamusoro atomu, payo kazhinji ndiyo inert zvachose ayo Valence pakati razero.

Kana zvakadaro budirira ayo excitation atomu, ivo maerekitironi kungaita pair-pakumedura uye wakasununguka 4D orbital. Nokudaro zvichibvira Valence krypton: 2,4,6. Oxidation mamiriro rakatarisana + (+ 2, + 4, + 6).

History yakawanikwa

Pashure kuwanikwa inert magasi - argon muna 1894, nehelium muna 1985 - kufanotaura uye kuzosimbisa mukana nokuvapo zvakasikwa dzimwe nyore magasi kuti masayendisiti haana. Huru kuitwa mu mirayiridzo iyi akaratidza William Ramsay, akawana argon. Zvakakodzera vaidavira kuti mudenga pane inert magasi, asi nhamba yavo zvokuti vasingakoshi kuti magadzirirwo havagoni kugadzirisa kuvapo kwavo.

Saka, zvinoita rinovhura chinhu krypton akanga makore mashomanana. Muna 1898, mhepo yakanga yoga neon gasi, uye pashure pake, uye zvimwe inert remubatanidzwa kuti kuoma kuwana uye voga, kwakasarudzwa kuti zita krypton. Pashure pezvose, kubva muchiGiriki "Kryptos" zvinoreva yakavanzwa.

hazvaikwanisa kuonekwa kwenguva refu, zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo. It inosimbisa chokwadi kuti mune imwe cubic mita mhepo ine chimwe milliliter negasi. Ndiko, mari iri shoma kupfuura thimble! Kuti zvaigoneka kuongorora fuma, vakatora mumwe zana cubic masendimita emura mhepo. Sezvineiwo, panguva iyi, masayendisiti vakakwanisa kutanga nzira hwokubereka uye liquefying mhepo akawanda. mumwe dzoro kwakadaro zvinhu akabvumira kuwana kubudirira kuwanikwa W. Ramsay eremendi krypton.

Spectroscopic Data yakasimbisa rokutanga zvakabuda imwe pfuma itsva. "Chakavanzika" gasi rine mutsetse hutsva muna chakarondedzera, yakanga isina chero kubatana panguva iyoyo.

Kuvakwa nyore fuma yaro fomura iri

Kana krypton - makemikari Kufananidzira zvake ari inert gasi, zvine musoro kufunga kuti zvingava nyore nyaya kugadzikana mamorekuru. Hazvina. Simple fuma krypton - Kr gasi pamwe monohydric zvaaitaura. Kazhinji isu vakajaira kuona magasi ane indekisi "2" Somuenzaniso, O _2, H _2, zvichingodaro. Asi chaikosha izvi zvakasiyana nokuti kuva mumhuri vanokudzwa magasi uye kwakakwana Erekitironi goko ane atomu.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Kungofanana nedzimwe yeimwe iyi anewo pachake zvachiri. Zvinotevera ehupfumi zvokunyama krypton.

1. Very rinorema gasi - katatu kupfuura mhepo.
2. No kuravira.
3. Hauoneki.
4. Odorless.
5. The Kubika pfungwa -152 ⁰ C.
6. The arambe achirema of fuma panguva dzekudya ezvinhu, 3,74 g / l.
7. Utsotso pfungwa -157.3 ⁰ C.
8. yakakwirira ionization simba iri 14 vara.
9. Electronegativity zvakare yakakwirira chaizvo - 2.6.
10. Soluble muna benzene, zvishoma mumvura. With kuwedzera tembiricha iri solubility pamusoro mvura mvura shoma. Also yakasanganiswa panyaya iyi.
11. At nzvimbo tembiricha, ine permittivity.

Saka krypton gasi ane unhu zvakakwana kuti sei mishonga uye kuti kubatsira kuti kwayo nomumwe ehupfumi.

mushonga ehupfumi

Kana kushanda krypton (gasi) mu yakasimba mamiriro, izvozvo crystallizes iri spatial granetsentricheskuyu cubic napamahwindo. In mamiriro ichi, icho anokwanisawo kupinda nemakemikari. Vashoma, asi iriko.

Kune mhando dzakawanda nezvinhu, izvo zvave kuwanikwa pahwaro krypton.

1. unoumba clathrates nemvura: ^Kr. 5,75N ₂ O.

2. Forms navo Organic zvinhu:

• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H, OH;
• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H ₅ CH _3;
• ^2Kr. CCl _^4. 17H ₂ O;
• ^2Kr. CHCL _^3. 17H ₂ O;
• ^2Kr. _{(CH3) 2} ^CO. 17H ₂ O;
• 0,75 ^Kr. LC ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.

3. kwazvo ezvinhu anogona sei pamwe fluorine, kuti oxidized. Saka, aine reagent pamusoro inonyatsoita krypton anotora chimiro: KrF _2, kana krypton difluoride. The mwero oxidation mu mukomboni 2.

4. Zvirongwa ichangopfuura dzakakwanisa synthesize remubatanidzwa izvo zvinosanganisira Links pakati krypton uye okisijeni: Kr-O (Kr (OTeF _{5) 2).}

5. Finland ane inonakidza kunovhengana kuti krypton pamwe acetylene inonzi gidrokriptoatsetilen: HKrC≡CH.

6. krypton fluoride (4) aivawo KrF _4. Kana zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura, mukomboni inokwanisa wezvamatongerwe simba nevasina krypton acid, izvo zvinozivikanwa chete barium munyu: BaKrO _4.

7. yokuita krypton vari kubatana wakagadzirwa ayo difluoride, sokunge ichi:

• KrF ⁺ SbF ₆ ^-;
• Kr ₂ F ₃ ⁺ on ₆ ^-.

Saka, zvinoita sokuti, pasinei makemikari inertness, ichi gasi Exhibits kwomuviri uye vanogona kupinda kwemakemikari kusakarongeka pamwe inoomesera chaizvo. Izvi zvinopa mishonga yose nyika chiedza zvakasvibirira zvichiita achiongorora "zvakavanzika" chikamu mhepo. Zvinogoneka kuti yeimwe itsva kuti tiwane paupamhi kushanda mune zvemichina uye maindasitiri achakurumidza synthesized.

Kutsunga negasi

Pane nzira dzakawanda kuziva gasi:

• chromatography;
• Spectroscopy;
• Absorção de Água kuongorora nzira.

Kune vashoma okunze pakutsvaga chete nzira, ivo akaisa periodic table. Krypton, xenon, radon - panonyanyisa yomuchinda magasi uye chinonyanya zvakaoma. Saka, kuziva kwavari uye zvinodiwa zvakadai yakaoma physico-namakemikari nzira.

Nzira achigadzirira

Huru nzira kuwana - mumwe kubudiswa mvura mhepo. Asi nokuda yakaderera quantitative zviri krypton zvakafanira kuti ironge mamiriyoni cubic metres kuti pagadzirwe shoma anokudzwa gasi. Yose kwacho kunoitika mumatanho matatu.

1. mhepo kurapwa mune chaiyo mhepo kuparadzana pembiru. Saka pane kupesana pakati zvachose chekubuda zvinhu pamusoro kwakanyanya chinokwana - the musanganiswa yeHydrocarbon uye anokudzwa gasi mune mvura okisijeni, uyewo vakareruka - dzakawanda kwake magasi. Sezvo vakawanda putika zvinhu, mbiru ane nzira yokubudisa hosipaipi, kuburikidza rwaaimboparadza akaparadzanisa panonyanyisa zvinoriumba. Pakati pavo, uye krypton. Panguva mbudo, iye chaizvo zvakasvibiswa dzimwe nyaya. Kuti vawane wakachena chigadzirwa, rinofanira mberi pasi vanoverengeka wakananga namakemikari mishonga chaizvo zvokufembedzwa.
2. Panguva iyi, musanganiswa krypton uye xenon, kwakasvibiswa Mahydrocarbon. Rokuchenesa kushandisa anokosha mano apo oxidation uye adsorption pamusoro musanganiswa kubvisa zvikuru vasingadiwi zvinoriumba. Panyaya iyi musanganiswa pacharo inoramba batana vanokudzwa magasi pamwe chete. Uyezve, nyika yose muitiro kunoitika pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa, kukonzera kuchinja gasi mune mvura ezvinhu.
3. Panguva yokupedzisira Danho inonatsa anofanira kuva wokupedzisira gasi musanganiswa kuwana zvikuru yakakwirira wakachena krypton uye xenon. Nokuti ichi chinokosha akasiyana kugadzwa yakagadzirwa, zvazviri akakwana nokuda kwacho. Zvinoguma yepamusoro chigadzirwa muchimiro gaseous krypton.

Sezvineiwo, vose zvinorondedzerwa pezvakaitwa kungava cyclic, pasina kumbomira kugadzirwa kana feedstock - mhepo - anosunungurwa zvakakodzera chitsama. Izvi zvinobvumira nokuti kwetunhu anokudzwa magasi, kusanganisira krypton, huru kwazvo maindasitiri akamboona.

Storage uye zvokufambisa yacho chigadzirwa kunoitika chaihwo simbi midziyo akakodzera chakanyorwa. Vari pasi kufurirwa, uye kuchengetera kupisa asingadi pfuura 20 ⁰ C.

Contents zvakasikwa

Under dzinongoitika ezvinhu, pane havasi chinhu krypton, uye ayo isotopes. In zvachose mune nhanhatu nemarudzi husingakwanisi dzinongoitika ezvinhu:

• Krypton-78 - 0.35%;
• Krypton-80 - 2.28%;
• Krypton-82 - 11,58%;
• Krypton-83 - 11,49%;
• Krypton-84 - 57%;
• Krypton-86 - 17.3%.

Uripiko gasi zvirimo? Chokwadi hapana, uye kwaakanga akaziviswa kekutanga - mudenga. The chikamu chidukuduku - chete 1.14 x 10 ^-4%. Uyewo kugara replenishment Data dzakanaka gasi reserves zvakasikwa imhaka renyukireya chinja mukati lithosphere Pasi. Zvaiva imomo kuti nouchapupu chikamu kugadzikana isotope akasiyana maatomu akafanana izvi.

kushandiswa kwevanhu

Yazvino zvinoita kuti vawane krypton kubva mhepo akawanda. Uye pane chikonzero chiri chose chokudavira kuti achakurumidza kutsiva inert argon gasi muchiedza Mabumba. Pashure pezvose, vakazadzwa krypton, vachava isingadyi mari yakawanda: pamwe chete simba rakawanda zvichava yakareba vochenesa yakajeka. Chinhu nani kupikisa zadzisa, sezvo tichienzanisa kwakajairika, izvo vakazadzwa musanganiswa senitrogen uye argon.

Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa ndakagara guru uye rinorema krypton mamorekuru kuti tunodzivisa kupisa kuchinjirwa kubva girazi girobhu racho kusvika filament, uye kuderedza kwemvura kwemaatomu pachiso.

Uyewo, radioactive isotope Kr Kr ⁸⁵ inoshandiswa kuzadza chaiyo mwenje vave vanokwanisa emitting Beta mwaranzi. Ichi chiedza simba iri dzikwanise chiedza zvinooneka. mwenje izvi ine girazi girobhu racho ane masvingo chomukati vari zvemapuranga aine phosphorescent sezvamunoita. Beta mwaranzi isotope krypton, kutanga rukoko urwu, zvichiita hwihwinyara kuti zvakakwana kuoneka kunyange chinhambwe mamita 500.

Kunyange chinhambwe rakadhindwa rwezuva kunogona kunyatsooneka kusvika mamita 3. Lamps vari yakasimba, nokuti hafu-upenyu ari isotope krypton-85 makore anenge 10. Nokushanda mudziyo pasinei kuitika tsime uye kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza.

Uyewo krypton fluoride zvinoshandiswa sezvo oxidants propellant. Kr-F remubatanidzwa sezvamunoita zvaishandiswa pakugadzira excimer lasers. Vamwe isotopes ose krypton zvinoshandiswa mukurapa. Zvikurukuru chirwere zvokushandisa, kuti kuonekwa kuti perforations uye idonhe mu Vacuum mugadziriro, achifanotaura uye kuonekwa ngura, sezvo kudzora midziyo kusakara nhengo.

Chimwe Kushandiswa of krypton - a X-ray sepombi, izvo zvinogutswa navo. Masayendisiti Modern vari kutsvaka nzira kushandisa gasi ichi chive filler iri Zvinoumba kufema wemisanganiswa kunyudza mumvura. Kushandiswa inogona akaziva uye somunhu rufimbi mune zvokurapa.