Ndivanaani chokuudza vanhuwo zvavo? Uyu mubvunzo unokosha pamusoro chinzvimbo vanhuwo zvavo vari Russia

Pakati miduku yokuruwa vemazera 18-19 vari dzinounzwa akasiyana-siyana nemapoka. Kufarira zviri possessional uye chokuudza vanhuwo zvavo. Ndiyo huru chikamu miduku yokuruwa, iyo pamutemo kuonekwa pfuma wenyika, asi chaizvoizvo pasi zvikuru kushungurudzwa varidzi mafekitari mafekitari.

Nyaya waakaita vanhuwo zvavo chikamu

XVII remakore munhau Russia ndiyo nguva kuzvarwa zvinomera zviri capitalism rokutanga. By ushe Alexei Mikhailovich ndiye chimiro manufactories, kusanganisira gomo iri Urals. Kubva chokwadi ichi uye akabatanidza panowanikwa pfungwa dzakadai chokuudza varimi. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nechido kushandisa kushanda emakambani matsva ezvinhu chete kupedzisa (muna 1649) kuti serfdom. All vanhuwo zvavo kuti nguva yakakamurwa muzvikwata zviviri makuru: asi serfs uye chernososhnye (state).

Yokutanga vaisagona akasununguka kuti nevarikichi, uye yokupedzisira vakanga vasingadi kuti mugodhi uye metallurgia basa chokuita kwokuomerwa wechibharo. Munguva Entrepreneurs akateterera kubatsirwa ezvinhu kwazvo kuperevedza vashandi. Late atange ipai nezvinomera hurumende vanhuwo zvavo vane chirwere kuti Breeders aizoripa kwavari yokuvhota uye zvakavakodzera. Mune remangwana muitiro Kutaura kuratidzirwa ehurumende mafekitari.

Vanhuwo zvavo kunoitwa mafekitari

Pakutanga, basa vanhuwo zvavo yaakapa mafekitari, zvaionekwa se Boon - kureva rubatsiro pfupi iri kumashure basa fekitari, akadai: dhonza huni, marasha, simbi mhangura, simbi. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti varimi kushanda kunze chitsama kuti zvichaita kubhadhara State Breeders vari mutsividzo pamusoro zvakavakodzera. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma zvinhu zvakachinja. The fekitari Kutarisirwa iri vachiwedzera kukwezvwa kushanda kubva vanhuwo zvavo, vazhinji vavo vakava miners. mamwe mabasa aya mari, asi pane kushoma. Chokuudza vanhuwo zvavo pasi Peter 1 vakatanga kuwana monotonous mutariri mhiri Russia basa mumafekitari panguva mumunda zhizha basa. Farmer ane bhiza - 10 masendi, uye horseless - 5 masendi. Asi, senguva kuRussia, mitemo hakusi kutevedzerwa. Uye sezvo zvakafanira kushandisa kushandira "mweya womunhu" ose, mhuri nhengo vakura kukwanisa kushanda kwegore iri chirimwa baba vake vakwegura, vaduku vana. Kuburikidza chirimwa kutarisira vakanochengeta kodzero avarange vashandi rinoteerera. Chokuudza vanhuwo zvavo chinoonekwa sezvo muuranda. It akasiya zhinji akanyorwa Zvichemo fekitari varidzi, uye kukosha nharo iri yavanopedza vari Anti-hurumende kufamba, kunyanya kwazvakarerekera Emelyana Pugacheva. Saka, nzvimbo vanhuwo zvavo zvakabatanidzwa chirimwa, zvinokwanisika kuti inofananidza kuti serfdom.

possessional vanhuwo zvavo

Sezvo 1649 aina anotambura pakati vaikudzwa uye boyars iri nhaka vanhuwo zvavo, kusanganisira mukana nomutengo wavo. Asi Petro 1 aifanira kubatsira kuti nascent bourgeoisie kugadzirisa nyaya vabatire mafekitari dzavo. Saka, murayiro wakapiwa 1721, iyo rinobvumira kutenga manufactories vanhuwo zvavo vakuru, kuronga mabhizimisi avo pachavo voga. Ichi boka evanhu inonzi possessional vanhuwo zvavo. Havana kugona kutengesa kana chikwereti kuparadzanisa kubva chirimwa uye kushandisa basa ravo kuti mabasa yokumwe. Saka feudal mamiriro rwakapedza dambudziko kuperevedza basa vechidiki Russian indasitiri. Saka, muzana remakore rechi18 chokuudza vanhuwo zvavo - ichi haisi possessional. Mune ramangwana, nhamba okuti achinje.

Chokuudza possessional uye vanhuwo zvavo muzana remakore rechi19

Pakupera remakore rechi18, hurumende akamisa muitiro vanowana kuti miti yacho ehurumende vanhuwo zvavo. Izvi anotsanangura dzose kusagadzikana mune Urals uye zvichemo vazvo. Muna 1807, Alexander I akatora danho kuchaitwa boka ichi varimi. Vazhinji vavo vasingachafaniri fanira mabasa vachida chirimwa, yakaramba shoma inodiwa nechokwadi chichiitwa oparesheni. Zvinosuruvarisa, urongwa uhwu hunoshanda kuna Urals chete. shoko rokuti "chokuudza vanhuwo zvavo" haazombotaurwi maererano nzvimbo muna 1807. Izvi, zvisinei, haana kureva yokupedza nayo kupamba pakati vanhuwo zvavo kuti chose chirimwa. Vashoma vanhuwo zvavo vakasara Breeders omurume, zvakazivikanwa se "vashandi chinokosha." Ivo pamutemo zvakazivikanwa kwaenzaniswa possessional vanhuwo zvavo. Chete mushure abolition kuti serfdom Ural bhizimisi uye dzimwe mafekitari zvakamanikidzwa kutamira vanobhadharwa basa.

vamwe nhamba

Kokutanga chokwadi kuti kunyoresa vanhuwo zvavo kuti mafekitari yakatanga kusvika 1633 gore, uye mune quantitative nemashoko, vaiva vanhu vaduku vanopfuura mazana matatu. Most achishingaira izvi kwakaitika pakutanga yezana remakore rechi18, mushure mazuvaano Petro. Pakazopera muzana remakore rechi18, muchikwata ichi akanga vanopfuura 312 000 vanhu. Mushure kuchinja zvinhu 1861, vanopfuura 170,000 varimi vakagamuchira possessional zvinodiwa namambo-somununuri.