Chii akaita mhizha? Shoko rokuti "mhizha"

Man yagara mubasa kugadzirwa zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti zvezuva nezuva uye upenyu hwakanaka. Munyaya ino tichaedza kufunga zvokuita nyanzvi dzokugadzira. Ndezvipi zvakaenda vaiva vokutanga. Ngatimbotaura zvishoma pamusoro zviri zvinhu uye ruzivo zvakasiyana nzira.

zvichireva

Pasi pfungwa iyi anovanza madiki kugadzirwa zvinhu siyana manually. Ndiko, pasina kushandisa kugadzirwa vachikanganisa. Kazhinji, migumisiro vakasikwa vanatenzi, dzine unyanzvi uye kwakazara zvigadzirwa, kusiyana chakatsikirirwa nevatengi nhumbi.

Artisan - munhu mubasa Chinyorwa kugadzirwa zvinhu. Zvinogona kuva zvakasiyana zvinodiwa (journeyman, foromani, musoro dhipatimendi), vaigadzira arayire kana kutengeswa. Wokutanga musimboti chokuita nyanzvi nyanzvi, apo yechipiri yapfuura akatanga kudzidziswa beginners.

Mhizha mubasa siyana nguva kare, tichakurukura zvimwe, uye ikozvino nyora chikuru marudzi ounyanzvi hwokugadzira chokuita indasitiri.

Zvose rwuripowo yezvinoreva zvakafanira kuti upenyu hwomutambarakede, zvave refu zvakaberekwa nyanzvi dzokugadzira. siyana iri zvigadzirwa kubva simbi (blacksmithing), ivhu (vaumbi), dehwe namatebwe (Kozhumyaki), matombo anokosha uye non-ferrous simbi (jewelers, engravers, ivo nevamwe ounyanzvi hwokugadzira zhinji).

Ngationei, chii vakaita nyanzvi dzokugadzira munyika yekare uye neMiddle Ages.

simbi Processing

The simbi yokutanga chaizvo kuti vanhu akadzidza kubata, yave mhangura. Mumakuva vanaFarao vari vanodhirowa nzira kuvanatsa ichi zvinhu. A Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist duku uye sandara ibwe panzvimbo nenyundo. Zvisinei, kana pachena primitiveness, zvigadzirwa kure kupfuura nguva. Kunyanya tichakurukura ichi apo isu kuenda jewelers.

Gare gare vakauya dzendarira, kana takadzidza chiwanikwa yemhangura uye gaba. Zvidhori nemidziyo, zvombo uye zvishongo, midziyo makumbo uye chiwanikwa nezvishongo. Ndizvo zvakataurwa nyanzvi dzokugadzira paaivatambudza muIjipiti yekare.

Pakazopera rekutonga vanaFarao ndivo zvakawanwa simbi wokutanga, asi zvino yaingova dzinodhura kwazvo uye oga. Greater kukura iyi zvinhu zvakanga kuMiddle Ages.

Europe, Russia, kuMiddle East vakanga vatenzi vakakurumbira, uyo munhambo ichi akasika ounyanzvi zvokuti kunyange nhasi havasi kudzokororwa. Somuenzaniso, Dhamasiko simbi. Very Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye kusanduka reza. Sezvo apo navapfuri kubudirira kwakadaro chaiwo ukama uye Muitiro unobatanidza simbi akaturikidzana hadzisi pachena.

Kushanda huni

The yakakurumbira muvezi kunge vaiona Kristu. Zvisinei, kuti mukudzidzire yakabereka nemamwe zvinhu. Kazhinji, munyika yekare uye Ages rinoti, raiva inonyanya zvinhu.

Shipbuilding, mapurani uye nemamwe mabasa akawanda anoshandiswa huni zvavo zvavaida. Somuenzaniso, muna Russia mumaguta menzira zvaiva mapuranga uye matanda. Furniture neimba nemidziyo, matoyi, emiti, ngoro, uye pave paya michina - zvose yakavakwa huni.

Jewelcrafting

basa Next kunyanya zvinoratidza zvinoreva shoko "mhizha". Pano tenzi kuva painstaking uye nesimba basa rokusika zvishongo kubva chaizvo maduku nhengo.

Kunyange muIjipiti, nyanzvi granulated goridhe uye akarisunga kupedza sarcophagus muvharo kuitira kuti nenyanzvi ano chete chinoshamisa apa. Vakakwanisa kubatanidza balls pasina zvisaririra aionekwa adhesions. machira goridhe kuti kufukidza mifananidzo, zvinoshamisa pachena zviri vakasiyana vanhu nemhuka, zvemaziso nezvidhori. All zvinoshamisa izvi uye zvinoshamisa vanhu saka kure, kunyange Patova nemakore anopfuura chiuru chimwe.

Saka chii mhizha muIjipiti yekare, zvakajeka mifananidzo pamasvingo makuva vanaFarao. Vematombo vaiva vatenzi kuti basa ravo. Pashure pezvose, masayendisiti zvino zvinenge pasina nesimba shoma kugadzirwa kunoita kuti mirayiridzo yakadaro.

MuRussia, kuti jewelers aiva rukudzo inokosha. Machinda akatsigira uye vakakurudzira nyanzvi kuti bhizimisi ichi. Raw zvinhu vaitenga kubva kune dzimwe nyika, nekuti, sezvo vakadaro, vasiri ferrous nesimbi kugadzirwa akanga asiri ukuru. The zvemberi nzira akadzingwa, uye mhizha anonzi "Zlatarov" uye "wesirivheri", zvichienderana acho.

Leatherworking

zvinhu rokutanga kugadzirwa zvipfeko. Ndingatuka sei kumuudza?
Kana vanhu vari Stone Age akashandiswa kufukidza nehasha vasonanidza namatebwe, zvino, kutangira Egipita, ivo akatotanga kuita, uye inova wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose, kupendwa uye yakashongedzwa.

Izvi zvinhu yaishandiswa saddlers uye furriers, saddlers uye tulniki (vakaita Goba), vanogadzira shangu uye vanatenzi kuti kugadzirwa MuMorocco uye matehwe.
Armorer akasikwa kubva makwapa akasvibirika ganda-siyana chiedza uye unosvikirwa nezvombo. Panguva mupfuri vakazoroorwa yakabereka mhando riveted dzokurwa, uye vakanga chete gare gare mabhandi nokuda kwokuva simbi sutu.
Rinotaurawo zvakazara unoratidza zvinoreva shoko "mhizha". Pashure pezvose, kana ukanyatsoongorora nzira currying, tinogona kuona kuti kwenguva refu yakanga chete ruoko nguva.

Pakutanga, akanatsa zvinhu kubva dzemakwai. Kuti aite izvi, nehombodo vakawisirwa mukati muShifimi kana mabhokisi emapuranga nesuko. Akatevera Danho - Tanning. Iye aiitirwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, uye yakakanyiwa maoko ake kuti kunonyanyisa softness. Kana elasticity yakaderera, nokukurumidza kuchava makatsemuka.

Zvadaro, kubatwa zvinhu zvokudya munzvimbo dzakasiyana okudhindira nyanzvi dzokugadzira.

Weaponsmithing

Kusvikira ikozvino, chigadzirwa ichi chiri kumusoro vade, uye ndakawana mabhiriyoni. Ayakaita?

Dzimwe nguva zvinoita sokuti blacksmithing - chete vanobatanidzwa nyanzvi dzokugadzira kare. Kuwanda zvinhu zvokushandisa nemauto, vari vematongo, zvinoita nyore musoro pachiyero kugadzirwa mumakore iwayo.
Minondo nemapanga, namapfumo uye nhamba yepamusoro miseve nekiyi dzaro, miseve, rivets pamusoro matehwe zvombo uye rakasimba simbi zvokupfeka. zvinhu zvose izvi zviri pedyo kuenzaniswa zvechadenga muridzi chaiko.

Kana isu nezvazvo pfuti, ipapo nyore kusika kana kugadzirisa. Asi Armorer vakashanda chete ounyanzvi. Dururirai kana kuumba hombodo mufananidzo remangwana wayo chaipo, shongedza zvishongo siyana uye chisimbiso akakwana majoini ose. Saka haana Artist ose kuita muzuva redu.

Minondo Dhamasiko simbi, uye zvakakwana unopinza katana Japanese Samurai, uyo akacheka sirika pamusoro nhunzi. Mienzaniso yose iyi inoratidza munhu kumbonyanya yakakwirira azvipire kugadzirwa shoma kushandisa mari. Ichocho professionalism chaiyo. Ndizvo mhizha kana kunzwisisa musimboti rokuti.

kuvaka

Hatigoni kutaura pamusoro mapiramidhi nezvimwe huru Monuments of ezvivako yekare. Nhasi, isu tose kuyemurwa uye vanoyemura.

Munharaunda iyi, kurimwa rinobatanidza ounyanzvi akawanda. Dzakauya uye Painters, Painters uye glaziers, joiners navavezi, mhizha. Vose zvavo, mumwe nzira kana imwe, makaita ruoko kuvaka kwete chete dzoushe, asiwo rakajairika shacks.
Kana isu nezvazvo Russia, nerogi cabins ndivo emakore mashoma uye kuramba munhu akakodzera zvimiso upenyu.

Murals pamasvingo nhare temberi zvinoratidza chii nyanzvi dzokugadzira mubasa kukura yaitonga weBhabhironi, Egypt, chekare chinoti, uye gare gare Ages ushe uye umambo. Painters iwe zvinoshamisa. varege chete, asi vose vatenzi ose nguva, seari kuita zvose mazera, nomweya. Zvinosuruvarisa kwakadaro nemafungiro basa rake nhasi hariwanikwi.

Weaving uye Kukosa

Zvechokwadi zvechikadzi mhando ndege. Pakutanga, zviri haichawanikwi aishanda ari dandadzo. Kana paiva pasina kuita manheru, kuenda kusona, kugadzira, kugadzira. Kutaura, kukurukura kudzvanya nyaya.

Asi unyanzvi pamwero asingadi kutambura. Mhuri Most zvakagadzirwa zvakafanana zvinhu mumhuri kushandiswa, asi pamwe kukura uye kuwedzera wezvokutengeserana ukama vakatanga kubereka uye ekisipoti.

Somuenzaniso, chinokosha reFenikiya ndiyo inozivikanwa munyika yose nokuda kwayo mavara. pepuru chinhu chitsva zvakadaro kuona dzose vatongi. Kutaura zvazviri, mutengo vakadaro hwokusanyara yakanga yakakwirira.

Oriental rugs uye nhasi katyamadza wayo kusiyana. dzinza rimwe nerimwe kana rudzi aiva yayo tsika, mapatani, zvitarisiko. All of nepanhovo kuti kwoumbozha nemakapeti pamwe refu murwi , unogona kutenga kubva vatengesi.

Zviwanikwa zvematongo munzvimbo iyi zvinoratidza chii nyanzvi dzokugadzira paaivatambudza Russia. Pano, inonyanya kushandiswa zvinhu zvakadai neshinda, hemp nemvere. The Varuki vakakwanisa kusika zvinhu yerineni, twill ruka uye kunzwisisa.

Vaberekawo kubva shinda jira akasiyana ukobvu, mutete werineni. Color akanga zvakasiyana. Used tsvuku, mutema, vatema, yellow uye zvitema pendi.

zviumbwa

Zvichida rakajairika pamusoro uwandu matongo anowana basa. Uye nyore chinhu pane kuita mhizha. imi mose kushandira - nevhu uye mvura.

The nzira mukuru kugadzirwa midziyo - nyore Kuumbwa uye nokuomesa muzuva. Musimboti Second - kusika chitunha tsotso, iro vakabva zvemapuranga nevhu.
Next takatanga kupisa midziyo ropa pedyo nomoto. Zvakawanikwa yakadaro zvemichina richinzi chaizvo nyore. hari izvi vosiya mottled wakafanana ganda ane Jaguar.
Kana kutarira ounyanzvi zviri unyanzvi zvehari muchimiro Greek amphorae, zvakaoma kuzodana basa raanoziva yakadaro. Zvisinei, zvichiri uyu.

Zvadaro, paiva kuchinja kubva Chinyorwa Kuumbwa kugadzira zvinhu pamusoro vhiri yomuumbi. Zviri Panguva iyi kusandura Kuronga vatenzi kubudikidza munhui. Kare, uyu waisangobatanidza vakadzi, asi ikozvino kuumba anova mukono basa.

glassmaking

The gotwe rwokugadzira izvi. Chokutanga, mashoko akashandisa kusika zvemaoresa muchimiro marozari zvakasiyana-siyana kana pendants. Sezviri pachena, ivhu okutanga vakawana munguva mheni akarova mujecha. Kubva mukuru tembiricha zvainyunguduka uye kukava magirazi pellets.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti rokutanga zvigadzirwa vakadaro nyanzvi yekare Egyptian muuki, asi nhasi kunyora nhoroondo yakadaro iri uchibvunzwa.

Asi zvinozivikanwa kuti mukutanga Middle Ages, Byzantium uye kuMiddle East kunge aivigirwa zvigadzirwa izvi munyika. Izvi zvaisanganisira chishongo (marozari, marozari, nezvishongo neapo), matoyi, zvivezwa. Gare gare - ndiro.

Saka, takurukura kuti mhando rwokugadzira vaiva nevanhu vekare kare, akadzidza zvinoreva shoko "mhizha" uye akataura pamusoro chaizvo vamwe ounyanzvi hwokugadzira.