Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla uye muzivi: Biography, okugadzira zvinhu

Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) akanga wokuItaly humanist zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe, muvandudzi, mudzidzisi uye nyanzvi mune dzekare nyanzvi. Aitambisa nokuti humanistic pfungwa zvokuvandudza mutauro uye dzidzo. ruzivo rwakakura yechiLatin uye nechiGiriki zvemutauro akamutendera kuti kuitisa anonyatsotsvaka kuongorora zvimwe zvinyorwa Church uye zvinobatsira kuparadzwa yakapoteredza ngano uye dzisiri. Valla akaratidza kuti "wemupiro Constantine" zvinowanzotaurwa zvokutsigira zvokungoitawo kwebasa raPapa, zvamazvirokwazvo Kunyepa.

kushorwa

Tichifunga kuti wakatsauka pfungwa Aristotle uye makadzivisa inowanzotorwa kukura uye anobatsira pokushandisa uzivi, Valla anowanzonzi scholastics, vachitevera Aristotle, nharo uye makakatanwa. chinangwa chacho chikuru chaiva kusika mitsetse mutsva pfungwa kwouzivi kwete sangano kana private chikoro hurongwa. bhuku rake "On mafaro" (1431) pane vaEpikuro hedonistic pfungwa echiKristu kuti chido mufaro kuita zvakakodzera dzevanhu. Valla uyewo akadzivirira kudavira kuti rusununguko rwokuzvisarudzira kunogona pamwe chete rakafanotaura kuti Mwari wematambudziko, Zvisinei, akasimbisa, pfungwa iri mhiri kwepfungwa dzevanhu uye naizvozvo inyaya kutenda pane zivo yesayenzi. Vakawanda pfungwa muzivi Papera chikwereti uye vakava nevamwe vanofunga shandurudzo.

Open kutsoropodzwa kwakakonzera kuti chidzoke vavengi vazhinji; kanoverengeka muzivi naLorenzo Valla akanga aurayiwe. Dzidziso dzake muchiLatin zvishoma pfungwa uye akahwina kwaari chinzvimbo panguva Vatican - ". yakunda vanhu pamusoro pokutenda uye tsika" Chiitiko ichi anonzi

Life Nemabasa

Lorenzo akaberekwa munenge 1407 muRoma, Italy. baba vake, Luca Della Valle, aiva gweta kubva nePiacenza. Lorenzo aiva muRoma kudzidza Latin achitungamirirwa chinoshamisa mudzidzisi - Purofesa Leonardo Bruni (Aretino). Naiyewo vakapinda makirasi paYunivhesiti Padua. Muna 1428, remangwana muzivi, vakaedza kuwana basa papa Wenyika, asi candidacy yake parinorambwa nokuda muduku. Muna 1429 akakokwa kudzidzisa zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe pana Padua, uye akabvuma. Muna 1431 ndakaona kusunungurwa bhuku "On the mafaro." Papera chinguva, basa yakabudiswa, nemhaka iyo kunyange iye zvino vari kudzidza panguva mumayunivhesiti ose okugadzira zvinhu naLorenzo Valla - ". The wechokwadi uye wenhema zvakanaka" Muna 1433 akamanikidzwa kurega munhu professorial dhigirii: Valla yakabudisa tsamba yakazaruka umo achishora pachena gweta Bartolo uye vakamuseka yepamusoro jurisprudence hurongwa.

dzakaoma

Valla akasiya Milan, ipapo mu kuGenoa; akaedza zvakare kuti vawane basa muRoma, uye pakupedzisira akaenda Naples, akawana nzvimbo yakanaka shama mudare Alfonso ari V, anorichengeta, kunoshamisa vanatenzi ari chinyoreso anozivikanwa rudo rwake akawandisa. Alfonso akamugadza ave ake pachake munyori uye Lorenzo akadzivirira kubva kurwisa vavengi vake vazhinji. Somuenzaniso, muna 1444 Valla akaratidza yomupomerwi pamberi pedare Raibvunzurudza, sezvo pachena pfungwa kuti mashoko ari "kwevaApostora Creed" haana rakanyorwa kutevedzana nomumwe vaapostora gumi. Pakupedzisira, Alfonso akakwanisa kumisa rumhan'aro uye kununurwa kubva pakutapwa munyori wake.

Muna 1439 kunetsana rakamuka pakati Alfonso uye kwebasa raPapa - dambudziko raiva miganhu chavanopinda pamusoro Naples. Lorenzo Valla akanyora rondedzero nharo hunotsigira papa kutonga "wemupiro Constantine" Chokwadi munhu wenhema wenyaya. In basa rake Vallat akadana nokuda kwebope yevaRoma, uye vatungamiriri vavo - kurwiswa papa kushayisa simba, sezvo masimba ose kwebasa raPapa, yake pfungwa, ndiye anokonzera zvakaipa zvose, kubva panguva iyoyo vakatambura Italy. Rakabudiswa muna 1440 rondedzero, zvakanga zvakadaro uchapupu hunhu kuti ungano yose achakurumidza kuziva kwakabva venhema "chipo Konstantinova".

Birth chenhau kutsoropodza

In Naples Valla, ane upenyu uye basa kuramba chokuita philological researches, iye akatsamwisa vakatendeka kuti kusava nderechokwadi nezvimwe zvinyorwa zviri vasingazivikanwi mavambo ezvitendero, uye kusava nuzhnost yemamongi mararamiro. Muna 1444, iye nepaburi retsono Raibvunzurudza chekutonga asi ngozi haina ndinyerere muzivi. Akaramba pavanoseka (Elementary) mutauro "anonyadzisira" Latin uye kupomerwa nhema St. Augustine. Nokukurumidza, akabudisa basa rake "Kunaka mutauro Latin." chinyorwa ichi ndicho chaicho basa yokutanga dzesayenzi, zvachose nezvezvandaifanira zvemutauro Latin, uye akabuda achitsigirwa aimbova mudzidzisi Lorenzo. Most mabhuku inofananidza vaiona basa kuvadenha uye kutukwa yakaunganidza philologist. Valla rakapa mhinduro ake witty kuti zvikuru utsinye mashoko pamusoro idzva basa chaiko, asi vakawanda invectives kwakakonzera kuderera nezvomukurumbira wake muRoma.

A mavambo matsva

Pakafa Papa Eugene IV muna February 1447 Lorenzo akaenda kamwe zvakare guru, apo akanga noushamwari Pope Nicholas ari V, vakagamuchira humanist basa sezvo nevaapostora munyori uye akarayira kuti ashandurire yechiLatin basa siyana dzechiGiriki vanyori, kusanganisira Herodotus uye Thucydides. Wokugamuchirwa Valley muRoma vakararama inonzi "kukunda wevanhu pamusoro pokutenda uye tsika."

Ideas nemabasa

Lorenzo Valla, ane Biography Kwakafanana rainakidza yokufungidzira, akaburuka munhau kwete chete semusayendisiti uye nyanzvi, asi sezvo initiator kuti nzira iyi chaiko sokutsoropodza. Iye anosanganisa zvinhu inonyatsoshanda humanist, mutsoropodzi njere uye munyori muchetura. Works Valla aisimbirira pave itsva pfungwa uye kusvikira vasingazivikanwi dzenzvimbo pfungwa kwouzivi - haana kutsigira chaiwo hurongwa kwouzivi. Akashandisa rakakura ruzivo chiRatini uye nechiGiriki zvemutauro, kuti ukanyatsoongorora chinyorwa pamusoro New Testament nemamwe magwaro ezvitendero, inowanzoshandiswa nekereke kuti vatsigire dzidziso dzavo. Saka, Valla akatanga ari humanist sangano zvikuru divi itsva - science. Vazhinji pfungwa dzake vazivi rakagamuchira Reformation, zvikurukuru Martin Luther King zvikuru chaizvo nebudiriro philological Valle.

basa

The yakakurumbira basa humanist, pasina mubvunzo, kudzidzwa nesayenzi "pakati nokunaka mutauro Latin" kuti akamira kweinenge makumi matanhatu Shanduro munguva pakati 1471 uye 1536 makore. The yekutanga "On mafaro", rakabudiswa muna 1431, ndiko kudzidza vechiStoiki, vaEpikuro hedonistic nezvetsika nomuvuki. "Discourse pamusoro chitsotsi Konstantinova Gift" (1440) vakaumba hwaro yezvisikwa kutenda rechitendero rugwaro anozivikanwa chitsotsi. Most philologist mabasa dzakabudiswa munyika inounganidzwa mabasa muna 1592 muna Venice.

nezvetsika

The yekutanga "On Rwokusarudza" zvakanyorwa mumabhuku matatu ari polylogue pakati Leonardo Bruni (Arentino), Antonio Beccadelli uye Nikkolo Nikkoli pamusoro mukuru zvakanaka. Arentino inoti kuti kutanga zvakakodzera kurarama zvinoenderana zvakasikwa. Bekkadelli inotsigira Epicureanism, nharo kuti kuzvidzora zvinopesana nechisikirwo, uye kuti kuda kuzvifadza kunofanira kudzorwa chete kana chacho Implementation kunofara zvakatowanda. Niccoli anosangana zvose vakurukuri, vachizivisa nevatambi kwechiKristu Hedonism, maererano iro mukuru zvakanaka - mufaro usingaperi kuti ariko chete rinomutsa (nemamwe mashoko, nzira mufaro - ndiwo mufaro). Niccoli akadana Kumukundi iri nharo, asi Bekkadelli anotungamirira zvinonwisa mvura nharo wake nemaonero - uye nokuti kujeka izvo zviri disputants anozviriritira Lorenzo Valla. bhuku iri rine hasha kutsoropodzwa scholasticism uye yemamongi vazviomesere, uye saka akadana kamwe utsinye chaizvo mafungiro kurutivi munyori.

stylistics Latin

Kunopera remakore hwegumi kwevanhu vakatanga kudzidza dzenhoroondo magwaro ekare, kuedza ndiponesezve mweya nguva yeGirisi Roman. Lorenzo Valla, ane Humanism chichiratidzwa mabasa ake dzinonetsa, akaisa yakawanda nesimba mubasa zvisati basa "pamusoro nokunaka mutauro Latin" umo iye waongorora kuti nzira Latin girama, pamwe manyorero mitemo nemirau zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe. In basa iri Valla Akasiyanisa yakashongedzwa werudzii Vanyori vekare (akadai Cicero uye Quintilian) nenhetemwa Ages uye Ecclesiastical Latin.

Most vomunguva Valley, anozivikanwa mabhuku dzemitambo, akatora basa iri sechipo kutsoropodza, kunyange philologist haana kutaura mazita chaiwo mumabhuku ake. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, naLorenzo Valla vaita vazhinji vavengi, asi rondedzero "On kunaka ..." akatanga sangano anatsiridze manyorero Latin. Pasina mubvunzo, basa rake kunokosha; shure muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, vari kure mberi nguva uye vakashumira sepokutangira kukura okunyanyisa uzivi itsva uye mabhuku nzira.