Intentionality - chii ichi? Kushanduka pfungwa uye kukosha

Kunyange vazivi vekare vaifarira mibvunzo pamusoro chii chinokurudzira vanhu basa vamwe mabasa. Nei mumwe munhu achingoita ake uye manzwiro pachinhu, uye mumwe - pazuva pakatarisana. Mumazuva iwayo zvaifungwa kuti chiri dzinongoitika kuzviitira zvinodiwa kuti munhu, psyche ake anokonzerwa mudziyo.

Gare gare, kwave shanduro dzakawanda, iyo yakava nemhaka kwakadaro chinhu sezvo intentionality. Zviri Latin (intentio) zvinoreva chido, kana mirayiridzo. Chiitiko kuti pfungwa dzevanhu anodzidzwa nokuda vanachiremba, vazivi uye nyanzvi dzemitauro mumazuva edu.

Pfungwa ukoshi

Intentionality zvoruzivo - kuramba chido pamusoro hana nyika uye zvinhu, unozadza ane maonero kuti kunzwisisa uye kuvapa zvinoreva. Munguva Ages scholasticism Somuenzaniso, pakava musiyano pakati chaiyo uye zvekufungidzira chinhu.

Intentionality kuti pfungwa - kutanga kwepfungwa unobvumira munhu kuwana ukama pakati tsaukana dzenyika, zvose yaivapo uye zvekufungidzira, kutanga dzakawanda-siyana manzwisisire chaiyoiyo. nyaya imwe neimwe iri yaingowanikwa pachake yakatarwa ayo nokufungidzira kuti akapoteredza zvinhu uye mananara, asi pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinozivikanwa nevanhu vose - manzwiro, fungidziro, maonero uye ongororo.

The musiyano mumwe nomumwe manzwiro kurutivi chete chinhu, zvisinei ane zvakajairika zvinhu - ndiko ake kudzidza, pane zvakaitika izvozvo. The kutekenyedzwa kurwadziwa Somuenzaniso, zviri zvechokwadi uye zvine musoro kuti munhu ari kutambudzwa nayo. Ndizvo zvakafanana chinangwa zivo, harina pfungwa uye haakonzeri manzwiro.

Nokuti idealist nevazivi intentionality - ndera pfungwa dzevanhu chokusika nyika yavo yakazara zvinhu uye mananara kuti izvo rinopa nezvahunoreva uye kukosha. Muchiitiko chino, hapana musiyano pakati chaiyo uye vemungano chokwadi.

In analytic uzivi uye phenomenology kuti intentionality dzidziso - ndiwo mumwe inokosha pfungwa. Nemhaka yake ukama hunokosha hwakagadzwa pakati mupfungwa, mutauro uye nyika. Observation of chinhu Rinobatanidzwa zvayo mitauro chiratidzo uye nzvimbo chokwadi, uye dzimwe nguva kwete. Kwawakananga kudzidza, kusanganisira mano zvine musoro kuona zvivako ayo uye ukama hwenyika, unogonawo kuva kungobawo kufungisisa.

Dominik Perler

inozivikanwa muzivi ichi akararama Switzerland akaberekwa March 17, 1965. Sezvo ndiri purofesa uye mudzidzisi yokungotaura uzivi paUniversity of Berlin, akasvika pakuzivikanwa munyika sezvo munyori Dominik Perler. "Dzidziso intentionality muMiddle Ages" - basa rake dzinokosha pamusoro pokumuka uzivi kubva 1250 g 1330.

Aongorora kushanda nguva vazivi akadai Foma Akvinsky, Peter Ioann Olivi, Duns Scott, Petr Avreol uye Occam, Perler akagadzira intentionality 5 mhando:

• yakarongwa Kuzivikanwa mhando akanga vataura Aquinas, uyo aidavira kuti intentionality - okuti nzira iyi uchishandisa uchenjeri, izvo rinobvumira Pfungwa chinhu chete kuburikidza kuenzanisa ayo zvakafanana zvinhu kana akagoverana kuti zvivako zvavo. Somuenzaniso, pfungwa "sangano mhenyu" zvinoreva kufema, kufamba nokuita pasi, pasi muchikwata iyo munhu anowana, uye mhuka.

• vanoshingaira muupenyu zvishande unyanzvi ari mhando kunoburitsa Peter Ioann Olivi, mumwe Franciscan mumongi vaigara makore 1248-1298. Aidavira kuti nedanho cognition pamusoro chinhu, usingabereki kukanganisa mudzidzi nyaya yake. Kureva, chete omerera kudzidza chinhu kana chinoshamisa inokwanisa kuwedzera ruzivo kwevanhu nezvazvo.
• Type achida chinhu Duns Scotus, wokutanga yokuvaka Chinangwa pfungwa aishamwaridzana pfungwa nezvatinovavarira kudzidza nyaya kana ruzivo rwake. Panyaya iyi, kuvapo dzakananga zvinhu kuwana yaingowanikwa Features yake uye akanga akatsunga "ichi".
• Taipa Mazvokuda kuvapo Petra Avreola anoreva chiito, sezvo chinangwa kuita chiito. Somuenzaniso, imwe chivi - ndiwo chinangwa kwomweya.
• Type dzinongoitika chiratidzo Occam zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu chairwo pfungwa nokungoti zviripo.

Saka, Perler ( "dzidziso intentionality muMiddle Ages") chinhu pfungwa pamwe chete na 5 yokutevedzera, mumwe nomumwe riri yaingowanikwa yayo mafungiro pamusoro maonero enyika mufananidzo uye kwayo nhengo zvinhu uye zvakavapo. Ndizvo pfungwa ouzivi vakachenjera vekare vaiva hwaro ano yesayenzi gakava.

Franz Brentano

Isa mberi Pfungwa intentionality muMiddle Ages yava chinhu kudzidza vaizotevera masayendisiti. Saka, Franz Brentano, yeAustria kwepfungwa uye muzivi (akaberekwa muna 1838-m, uye akafa muna 1917), sezvo mupristi weKaturike muna 1872, vakasiya chechi nokuda musoro purofesa wouzivi. Nokukurumidza, akanga muchechi maonero ake, uye muna 1880 kunyimwa nesayenzi rokuremekedza.

Hwaro muuzivi Brentano ndiko kuparadzana pachena mumuviri nomupfungwa mananara. Aidavira kuti nyaya intentionality chokwadi haana kutanga, ari wechipiri - kuziva ichi, inova nguva dzose pasi. Zvinofanira kuita zvinhu, kunyange ivo zvechokwadi kana kuti kwete. Kubva kwayo pfungwa mberi kumhuka muitiro uyu mune zvesayenzi, phenomenology.

Kubva pane ayo vawana, Brentano akakurukura dzidziso yechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, aidavira kuti kududzirwa zvinhu pfungwa ndepana matatu nhanho:

• Maonero, vaviri kwokunze, kuburikidza pfungwa, uye yomukati, mupfungwa yakati.
• Flashback - Nyaya zivo yacho zvivako.
• Axiom - the vakawanda vaibvuma ruzivo pamusoro chinhu.

Vakati vasvika mhedziso iyi, Brentano akataura kuti, nokuti nyaya ichokwadi ake yomukati omumwe yacho, apo kuchivanze ndiwo maonero akawanda anogona kubvunzwa. dzidziso yake intentionality akaramba uye vakava nezvinhu Edmund Husserl. Akapinda hurukuro Brentano muna Vienna munguva kubvira 1884 kusvika makore 1886.

chiziva maonero

Brentano kamwe "vakakwereta" pfungwa kutungamirirwa kufunga zvinhu Aristotle uye Ages scholastics, izvo akazonyora Perler ( "dzidziso intentionality"). Aidavira kuti kuzviitira nemafungiro kuti vanotongwa, pasinei nokuti zviripo chokwadi kana kwete. Saka, iye akanyora kuti hapana kutenda pasina chinhu, mune kutenda, tariro pasina kuti, tariro uye mufaro chii pasina chikonzero, kudanwa kwake.

Achitora Brentano kuti pfungwa "intentionality", Husserl akachipa mumwe zvaanoreva kwaari ichi izwi haishandi kune chinhu uye kufunga mupfungwa dzake (mafungiro).

Phenomenology - sayenzi zvinhu uye mananara vakadzidza empirically. Husserl, muumbi, vaidavira kuti maonero chinhu kwakakwana vanogona chete vasikwa mune zvakawanda, izere uye akadzokorora kudzidza kwake. Ndiye akakurukura pfungwa kuti intentionality zvoruzivo, ndiyo ukama kuziva maonero.

Maererano naye, vavariro ane zvinhu kuronga kuti chikamu pfungwa kuti ndiye anokonzera muunganidzwa mashoko pamusoro chinhu kuburikidza maonero uye rinoabatanidza vapinde coherent rose. Ndizvo nyaya kudzidza sezvo haana kurarama kusvikira kwaiva chiito kufungisisa.

eidetic kubatana

Husserl aidavira kuti mwoyo (pfungwa) ndiwo muviri anokonzera cognition. Munguva chiitiko moyo unogona kutungamirira pfungwa kuziva kuti chinhu kukonzera aramu. Nomutowo uyu, izvozvo zvaisanganisira intentionality kuziva. Husserl akataura kuti chete mirayiridzo uye huve chikonzero kana kuwana chinhu chiri chokwadi (Eidos nyika). Izvi zvinoita ane eidetic ukama, zvakazoita kuti mupfungwa chakajairika yakaumbwa mupfungwa.

Akaitawo musiyanise mananara mupfungwa nomumuviri pamwero, hazvina kunoenderana Chiitiko kuti pfungwa dzose, kana akanga achida chinhu munyika chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, vechiduku vakanga vari padombo konzati.

Vamwe vanhu kunzwisisa mimhanzi, vamwe mhando ichi - kwete. Kureva, munhu yakabuda chinangwa pfungwa, izvo akamumisa pamusoro omumwe inzwi, nokudaro nokusika eidetic ukama. Mhinduro kutsvaka pfungwa vakatanga kuuya kuna konzati.

Mumwe chinangwa haana kuumbwa, sezvo pfungwa iri configured kutsvaga dzimwe nziyo. Zvichakadai, boka yakaramba kutamba, nokusika Eidos anoshanda kubva ayo constituent ruzha.

chiziva kuziva

Kana intentionality Ages vazivi - Zvivako zviri chinhu, uye nokuda Brentano - mupfungwa pezvakaitwa kuri nyaya, ipapo Husserl akabatanidza pfungwa iyi pfungwa pacharo.

Aidavira kuti chinangwa - chimwe chiito mafungiro, nguva dzose aiming nokuti, ndizvo pfuma yake. Pasinei chaiye chinhu pfungwa kana kwete, chero pfungwa kwacho nguva dzose kutaurirwa akamusunga.

Nokuti Brentano intentionality kwave chokuita nepfungwa zviito, maererano izvo cognizable chinhu achipfeka ayo immanent kuvapo, kuti haisi mhiri miganhu ruzivo urwu (kudzidza). Kusiyana mudzidzisi wake, Husserl haatauri nezvazvo pairi pfungwa yacho kuziva, asi achida mabasa kuti asimbise zviri zvayo. The chaizvo Kuvapo chinhu zvakare.

Sezvo akakurukura pfungwa "intentionality kuti pfungwa", Husserl akawedzera ayo basa, akatendeuka mugomba izere analytics. The chinangwa wouzivi wake kwete inozivikanwa nepfungwa dzevanhu, asi uyewo simba, nemhaka iyo kuita nokuziva nyaya. Somuenzaniso, apo kudzidza yokungotaura mabasa pfungwa, akagadza zvinhu zvitsva nesayenzi.

Ongorora Mazvokuda basa mafungiro, unogona tarisa chidzoke manzwiro nevavariro mamiriro avo. Panguva iyoyo vanogona kuva hwaro chaihwo, kwechokwadi pfungwa shanu, uyewo pakunamata. Mudzimu anoumba chinhu uye anohupa zvichireva. ndiye "murevereri", iro Husserl akapa tsanangudzo "noema" pakati pake uye manzwiro.

Noam ndiye yakazvimirira chinhu, saka pfungwa anogona kusakoshesa kuvapo chinhu kana chiitiko izvo munyika chaiyo havangagoni kuva. Hazvina basa sezvo kukosha pezvakaitwa dzavo kuitika uropi hwomunhu. Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu anenge asarudza kuti ane chirwere chakakomba nokuti ane twinge murutivi rwake anogona kuti zvechokwadi, kana kuramba kuongorora kana kutarisira kuchengeta nguva zviratidzo.

kuongorora eidoses

Dzimwe nguva dzose, vazivi kuziva mubvunzo sei kuziva musimboti zvinhu. Nhasi, ichi muitiro anonzi nzira phenomenological rutapudzo. Zvinonzi kwakavakirwa nomweya kuvhura kuziva yakaisvonaka, mhiri inova nyika yose.

Nzira iyi yaishandiswa kare Husserl raMwari St. Augustine (354-430 gg.) Uye Rene Dekart (1596-1650 gg.). It akakwezva chokwadi kuti akachena kuziva anovhura zvinoreva Eidos. Kuti aite izvi, phenomenological sainzi anopa 2 mhando nomweya:

• Chinhu chokutanga nezvacho zvachose achisiya panze nyika uye ruzivo rwake kana pfungwa pamusoro chinhu kuitwa kudzidza. Mashoko, rinonzi musoro uye zvivako kuti "vaiti", akanyorwa pfungwa. Above zvakafanira kumuka kukunda. With nzira iyi, munhu anofanira kubviswa chinhu sokunge haapo uye anoziva eidos ayo. The muitiro haafaniri kupindira yokungoitawo, zuva nezuva, zvechitendero, zvesayenzi kana rengano chokwadi nezvake uye warambidzwa chero mutongo. Uyewo, hazvina basa zvechokwadi chinhu.
• Maererano chechipiri mhando pfungwa mhiri "mhedziso" harisi chete nyika kwokunze, asi "Ini" pamusoro penyaya, sezvo chikamu chokwadi yaanogara. Saka, pane anoramba zvachose yakaisvonaka kuziva kunze, izvo zvinofanira kuramba aine uye mumwe yenhengo dzayo - mweya. Saka pane ruzivo musimboti chinhu riri kudzidzwa, ndiko, pasina nechekuita mukugarisana kwepauzima ukama naye.

All zivo ariko pamusoro penyaya, zvinobviswa kuziva, asika munhu tsananguro yose anozivikanwa chete zvivako ake.

The zvinokosha maumbirwo pfungwa

Development matambudziko intentionality kuti pfungwa iri kadhi kuna Husserl, akasika nzira yokuwana panze chii chinoumba zvakavapo. Saka, akaronga:

• Vhura pfungwa nechomukati, umo kuziva, akatendeuka ari pacharo, zvachose renounces mutongo uye anodzidza kwete kubva yavo ruzivo kana zvaunofunga, asi kubva kunze.
• Shandisa non-kutonga kutarisirwa. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kuramba kuti nyika kunze pfungwa hakuwaniki, izvo pachazvo ichitova pfungwa uye hakubvisi empirical "I".
• Zvinosanganisira inosvika yakaisvonaka kuziva, umo nyaya akaora kubvisa zvose kwokunze uye kwayo ruzivo uye ruzivo rwenyika. In mamiriro ichi pane chete siyana vasina kugutsikana.
• Varegedze kutotenda chokwadi kwenyika uye kunoirinda vakanyarara Eidos. Muchiitiko chino, ayo chaizvoizvo kunoratidzwa nyaya, sezvo kutanga uye chinhu neMhedziso.

Munyika dzichiri uzivi ake, Husserl akaedza kuwana yakaisvonaka subjectivity, mukana yokuwana zvabuda vane chinangwa zvinokosha tsika.

Chii chaizvo mukati

Intentionality mu zvemutauro rinoreva kutungamirirwa pfungwa pane zvimwe chinhu. Chii zviri kuitika mukati kwaari panguva nedanho cognition, zvinova pachena kwouzivi yokuti Husserl.

Ko shoko rokuti "kuziva wakachena" anorevei kusavapo ake, zvizere maturo, nerevo zvakafanana "nzvimbo isina"? Somugumisiro, haana zvinoburuka kure upenyu uye haagoni kuzadzwa ne chero zvinhu, chete kuti vazadze Vacuum. Kuziva - anogara mufananidzo chinhu.

Kunyange kana mukasunungura nayo kubva zvokunze chokwadi, hazvina kumborega kuti chirongwa nayo nokutsiva chokunze nyika yomukati. Kutaura zvazviri, haugoni kuva mukati, nokuti riri kunze pachake. Kunyange kana munhu ari kunyura ne achiona chaipo pasi pfungwa yake, wafa kuva uye "kanda" izvozvo zvakare zvinhu.

Phenomenology senzira kuona nyika

Somugumisiro panguva kukura munda uyu sayenzi, intentionality harisi chete pfungwa (pfungwa, zvaanonzwisisa), asi ayo munhu zvinoriumba, zvakadai sezvido, manzwiro, kunzwisisa, uye vamwe.

Maererano Husserl, vanofunga - nguva dzose muchinzwisisa chinhu Somuenzaniso, nyaya, apo kutongwa - ndiko kunzwisisa kwayo kugutsikana. Kuziva ndiyo nheyo, mukati zviri kuumbwa uye vari ndinosika mhando dzose mabasa evanhu.

Kubva musi uyu, pfungwa ndiye musiki zvose kumativi, haugoni kugovera kana kutyora kuvimbika kwayo. Hazvibviri kuedza kutsanangura kana "basa" kwaari vamwe pfungwa. Maererano Husserl kwakaita pfungwa Chiitiko ose pfungwa ndechokuti andinenge, uye ndiye inovhura vanhu ariko.