Irove yeR Loren uye basa rayo mune zvehupfumi

Rurere Lorenz igiramu rinoratidza hutano hwekusaenzana kuripo mune zvevanhu, mhizha yekugoverwa kwemari uye pfuma.

Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 , kusaenzana kwemari kwaiva chinhu chinotsvakurudzwa nevakawanda vanotungamira mune zvehupfumi muWestern Europe uye America. Dambudziko guru rekudzidza nderokuongorora kwekubudirira uye kukwana kwekugoverwa kwepfuma nemari inowanikwa mumusika wemari. Muna 1905, Max Lorentz, nyanzvi yeAmerica, akatanga nzira yake yekufungidzira kugoverwa kwemari, iyo yakazozivikanwa se "Lorentz curve."

Pane chati, chikoro chinomiririra chiyero chevanhu vomunharaunda sehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu, uye iyo inomiririra chikamu chemari sehuwandu hwekuwana mari. Kubva pane grafu zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kusaenzana mune kupatsanurwa kwemari inowanzovapo mune zvevanhu. Semuenzaniso, yekutanga 20% yevanhu vomunharaunda yenyika inogamuchira 5% chete yemari, 30% yevanhu - 10% yemari, 50% - 25% yemari pamwe chete nezvimwe zvakadaro. Ngarava yaR Lorenz inoratidza chikamu chemari inokonzerwa nemapoka evanhu, zvakagadzirwa nehukuru hwemari inowanikwa.

Muitiko apo pakanga pane kugoverwa kwekufananidza kwemari munharaunda, ipapo mhanje yaizove yakarurama (iyo bhenikeri yemakona pakati pekambisi yekambisi uye ye-ordinate axis). Uyu mutsetse unonzi unhu hwakakwana. Kuenzana kwakakwana kunokwanisika chete munyaya. Uyu mutsetse wakarurama unoratidza kuti chero humwe huwandu huwandu hwemhuri huchawana chikamu chakakodzera chemari. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti kana 20%, 50%, 70% yevanhu vanogamuchira 20%, 50%, 70% yemari yose, uye iyo inowirirana inowanika pa bisector. Uye pane imwe nguva iyo mari yose yakabhadharwa ne1% yehuwandu hwevanhu vomunharaunda, saka pane chati iyo mamiriro ezvinhu aizoratidzwa nemutsetse wakafanana - kusagadzikana kwakakwana. Nokudaro, maruva e Lorentz anokubvumira kuenzanisa kugoverwa kwemari pakati pemapoka evanhu vakasiyana kana panguva dzakasiyana.

Kubva pane girafu, chiyero cheGinny chinotorwa. Nokudaro, rutsoka rwa Lorentz uye Gini coefficient zvakanyatsobatana.

Ikoji yeGini chiyero chechiyero chinoratidza chiyero chekusaenzana kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugovera mari. Chiyero chakagadzirwa naCorrado Gini, muItaly economist, demographer uye nhamba yematunhu.

Kana zvishoma mari inowanikwa yakafanana, iyo inowedzera Gini coefficient kune kubatana ichava. Chikwata chinopindirana nekusaenzana zvachose. Saizvozvowo, iyo yunifomu yakawanda iyo kugoverwa, iyo inokwana ichave yava pedyo nezero. Zero inofananidzwa nekuenzana kwakakwana. Kuderedza kushandiswa kwemitemo uye mitero inofambira mberi inokwanisa kukwanise kugoverwa kusvika pamutsara wekuenzana kwakakwana. Sezvo zvakaitika kune nyika dzakabudirira zvinoratidzira, nekufamba kwenguva kusaenzana mukupararira kwemari kunoderedzwa.

Chimwe chezviyeuchidzo zvinowanzoshandiswa pakugoverwa kwemari ndiyo coefficient decile. Inoratidza kuenzanisa pakati pemari yakaenzana yegumi kubva muzana yezana yenyika yakabhadharwa yepamusoro uye inowanikwa mari yakawanda yegumi kubva kune imwe yezvakanaka.

Kuchinja kwekuRussia mune zvematongerwo enyika kwema1990 kwakaratidzirwa netsika yekuwedzera mari yekuparadzanisa. Pakupera kwa1991, chiyero chekucheka chaive chika 5.4, muna 1995 chakawedzera kusvika 13.4, uye muna 1998 kusvika 13.5. Gini coefficient yakasimuka kusvika ku 0.376 muna 1998 kubva pa 0.256 muna 1991. Kusiyana kwemari, sekutonga, kunopesana nemusiyano mukubhadhara kwevashandi kune dzimwe makambani uye zvikamu zvebasa. Kuparadzanisa kwepakati pezvakasiyana uye zvezvikamu zvekubhadharwa kwemari mumutengo wemari zvinoratidza kushandiswa kwevanhu pamabasa, inotungamirira basa, uye kudzidziswa.