Hondo yeRwizi rwaSheroni. Hondo yeSheroni ye1471

Nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, zvinofungidzirwa kuti ukama pakati pevatongi veRussia hwakasiyana mukuremekedzana nekudziya. Asi kutaura uku kunoratidzirwa nehutsinye hwechokwadi hwezvechokwadi: hondo dzekudzidzira dzakange dzisina kufanana, uye chido chemamwe madzishe kuhurumende chaingova chinokonzera izvi. Chiratidzo chakasimba ndechehondo paRwizi rwaSheroni.

Brief information

Hondo yakaitika muna 1471, musi waJuly 14. Sezvo zvakajeka kubva pachiratidzo, hondo yacho yakaitika pamhenderekedzo yeRwizi rweShelon (anenge makiromita makumi matatu kumavirazuva kweLake Ilmen). Mapoka anopikisa akanga ari mukuru weMoscow uye republic yeNovogod.

Chiitiko ichi chiri mubvunzo chinoreva nguva yemishandirapamwe yaIvan III, uyo akasarudza kamwechete uye zvose kuti apedze kuzvimiririra kweNovogorod. Zvisinei, chikonzero chikuru chakanga chisiri ichocho. Ichokwadi ndechokuti maNogorodians panguva iyoyo vaiziva kuvimbika kwevassal pamusoro pemutauro weLithuania, vakatungamirira mutemo unopesana nehumwe humwe hukuru hweRussia. Asi nhoroondo yepamusoro weMoscow ndeyekuti iyi shanduro inomutsawo kusava nechokwadi. Zvingangodaro, Ivan III ainge achida kubvisa chikamu chakazvimiririra chezvizvi.

Basic information

Muzhizha ra1471, uto revarwi vanenge zviuru gumi rakapinda mumushandirapamwe. Prince D.D. Kholmsky, uyo Ivan akakomborera nokuda kwe "kukudzwa" kweNovgorod. Mutemo wekupedzisira uyu hauna kufarira kunyange vaPolkovians vanozvimiririra, avo vakatumirawo mauto kubatsira maMoscow vanozvipira. Zvisinei, nokuda kwechido chavo chakasimba chekubatsira Ivan chaigona kutungamirirwa nehurumende yeMoscow ichangobva kuitika, yakakumbira kurwisana "nekuda kwekutuka kukuru kwechinda." Kana Pskov akaramba, iye aizobva ava pakati pevavengi vakaipisisa vemukuru weMoscow pachavo, pamwe nemigumisiro yese inotevera ...

Maererano nevanyori, hondo yaNovagorod yakanga yakawanda kanopfuura mana yaigara muMoscow, asi yakawanda yaive isina kudzidziswa posad militia. Inotungamirirwa naD. D. Boretsky. VaNogorodians vakamanikidzwa kukurumidzira nekutora mauto, sezvo vaifanira kukurumidza kuvhara Pskovs mune tariro yekuparadza muvengi uye kuchengetedza shure kwavo.

Kutanga kukanganisa

Uye saka, mangwanani aJuly 14, boka iri re "solyanka" Novgorodians risina kutarisirwa rasangana nesangano duku (risingareri zvuru zvishanu) rePaskov, uyo aizotora chikamu chikuru cheuto. Pasinei nezvikamu zvisere (!) Kukunda kwemuvengi, Kholmsky akamurova noushingi. Zvisinei, akanga asiri madhimoni: hondo yakasarudzwa yevarwi vakadzidziswa uye vakashonga nhumbi dzokurwa vakanyatsoparadzira mhirizhonga yeN Novgorod, vazhinji vavo vakanga vasingazivi kurwisana zvachose. Saka (muchidimbu) hondo yakaitika paRwizi rwaSheroni.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kurasikirwa kweavo vakavhiringidzika vakanga vasati vari pasi pevanhu zviuru gumi, vamwe zviuru zviviri vakazvipira. Vamwe vari mukutya kunotyisa vakatizira musango. Uku kukunda kwakagara kusarudza kuguma kwekuzvimirira kwaNovegorod uye kufanana kwaro nevaLithuanian.

Mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika panguva iyoyo

Zvisinei, muzana remakore rechi15 Novgorod pachake akazvionera kure nezvakanakisisa nguva. Kuziva vakadzvinyirirwa pasi nepakati nepakati pepakati pevanhu, sei kupopotedzana kwemukati kwakave kwakawanda. Musoro wacho hauna kukwanisa kumira nawo pachavo, uye saka wakapedzisa chibvumirano chinonyengedza namambo wePolish-Lithuanian, akatumira mauto uye mubati wake kuNogorgorod. Vakava Mutungamiriri Mikhail Olelkovich, akagadzwa naKazimier IV. Izvi zveMoscow Zvinyorwa muzana remakore rechi15 hazvina kukwanisa kukanganwira.

Uswa hwekupedzisira hwakanga hwokuti kunyange kugadzwa kweMetropolitan yeNogorod kwakanga kusingarevi muKiev. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakatanga kutaurirana pachena neLithuanians nePoles, vachitsvaka kubatanidzwa pamwe chete kana hondo yeIvan III. Kunyange pakati peNogorodians pachavo, kutengesa kwakajeka kwakakonzera dutu rehasha. Zvinosuruvarisa, kwakanga kusina kubatana pakati pevadzivisi ve "nheyo huru". Guta racho rakanyongedzwa mumakakatanwa edzimhosva, Novgorod militia yakanga isina simba uye yakasiyana.

Ivan wechitatu pane basa rekuita rugare

Mumwe haafaniri kufunga nezveIvan munhu anotyisa ropa. Akaramba achiedza kukurukura naNovogod, achishandisa simba rechechi nekuda kweizvi. Metropolitan nesimba rake rese rakaedza kunyevera guta rakapandukira kurwisana nebhizimisi ne "Latins," asi haana kubudirira. Hazvishamisi kuti humwe hutungamiri hwakakoshesa zviito zvaNovegorod sekutengesa nyika uye kutenda.

Muna March 1471, Mikhail Olelkovich akasiya Novgorod ndokuenda kuKieya kuti ataure hurukuro. Asi Ivan III akafambiswa nekunyengera kwevaNogorodians, saka saka akasarudza kutengesa mhirizhonga kune vatengesi. Mukutaura, munhu wose ainzwisisa pasi pezvematongerwo enyika ehondo inouya, asi yaiva yemuvara wechitendero waifanira kuva wekutanga wakabata mutemo wevatongi vose.

Kubva pamagadziro echinyakare akatanga pamushandirapamwe. Yakanga yakarongwa yekukwezva VaTatat, Ustyuzhans, Pskovians, pamwe chete nevanhu veNorgorod uye nzvimbo dzakakwirira, vakavimbika kuMoscow, kumativi avo. Pakutanga vakasarudza kupoteredza guta racho, kuti varove kubva kumigwagwa yose yekutengeserana ichibatanidza vatengesi kuenda kuLithuania. Muchirevo chekuti, Moscow-Novgorod hondo dzakanga dzisiri nyaya (taitaura pamusoro pekugara kwemhirizhonga dzemagariro ehurumende), asi panguva ino mutungamiriri akanga akakomba.

Rwendo rwekufamba

Kubva kumadokero nekumabvazuva mauto maviri ane simba aifanira kuswedera, uye akatotanga kubva kumaodzanyemba yakarongwa kuti iite dambudziko rakasimba neuto, rakatungamirirwa naIvan III pachake. MuUstyug (May, 1471), ambassy yakatumirwa, chinangwa chikuru chaicho chaiva kukwezva Ustyuzhans neViatches kumativi avo. Ivan aida kushandisa hondo yavo pamwe chete kuti zvivhiringidze, izvo zvingaderedza simba guru re Novgorod. Chirongwa chacho chakashanda zvakajeka. Hondo iri paRwizi rwaSheroni yakakunda.

Zviitiko Zvikuru

Rwendo rwavo pachavo rwakanga rusina kurongeka kurongerwa nguva yezhizha: mumwaka wekuvhuvhu nekwokuvhuvhuta matsime akapoteredza Novgorod akazoputika nehondo huru, uye munguva yechando yakanga yakanyanya kudhura kurwisana. Mamiriro okunze aifarira zvakakwana: kwaiva nekupisa kukuru, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemvura dzakasvava, uye Rwizi rweShelon rwakava rwakadzika.

Akarayirwa nemachinda machinda Kholmskaya naFedor Davydovich Pestry-Starodubsky. Vakuru vakataura pakutanga kweJune. Vakoma vaIvan III, machinda Yuri naBoris, vakabatana nehurumende kwenguva pfupi. Simba reKikholmsky rakakurumidza kupandukira uye rakapisa zvachose Staraya Russa. Akabva asvika kurwizi Shelon, uye pamahombekombe ayo akatanga kutarisira kusvika kumativi makuru ehondo. Sezvo vanyorori venguva iyoyo vachitaura, mauto akauraya nehasha ndokupamba vagari vechipanduki icho chakatengesa Moscow.

Nzira dzeNogorgorod

Pakazosvika pakati paJune, Prince Obolensky Striga naDanyar, mutungamiri weTatar, vakabva kuMoscow vakatamira kuVyshny Volochek, vachikwira pasi muMeta River, vachitsvaka kusvika kuNovegorod kubva kumabvazuva. Hondo huru yakabuda kuMoscow chete pakupera kweJune, ichifamba netsoka kuburikidza neTver neTorzhok, uko mukuru wevatongi vemo akabatana navo.

Novgorod panguva ino zvakare kugadzirira hondo. Vose vanofanirwa kurwisana nemadhorobha vedzimba dzomunharaunda vakamanikidzwa kutumira kune mauto. Pasinei nehuwandu hwemauto akabatanidzwa, nhengo dzayo dzairwisana neMoscow nemamwe maguta eRussia. Hondo yekurwa uye mafungiro akazara akanga akadzika kwazvo, sezvo Guru Duchy reMoscow rakanga rakasimba kwazvo, uye hapana aive nechokwadi chebatsiro rwekubatana kubva kuPoles neLithuanians.

Zvirongwa zveNogorodians

Mukana wega weku Novgorodians unogona kugara uchirwisana neuto reIvan kuitira kuti zvishoma nezvishoma zvibate nemasimba makuru mune zvikamu. Vashandi vake vamabhiza Novgorod vakatumira kunzvimbo yePeckov. Sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, hondo iyi yaifanirwa kudzivisa kubatana kwevaPhkoviti nemasimba makuru. Icho chikepe chakatumirwa kuRwizi rwaSheroni kuti chiwane uye chiparadzanise hondo yeChris Kholmsky.

Vasily Shuisky akarayira musasa wechitatu, uyo, unoita pasinei nemasimba makuru, waifanira "kudzinga zvese". Kunyange zvakadaro, urongwa hwose kubva pakutanga chaihwo hukapfuura, sezvo Novgorodians vakaita zvakanyanya kusanzwisisika. Iva Muscovites yakanga isiri nani-yakange ichinonoka uye yakaparadzana. Nokuda kweizvi zvose, musungo chete wakatendeseka mumativi iwayo waiva hondo yeChris Kholmsky. Mugumisiro wehondo iyi yose isinganzwisisi yakasarudzwa apo Rwizi rwaShelon rwakaputika.

Kutanga kwemhirizhonga

Pedyo nemusha weK Korostyn, veNogorodians vakasarudza kushandisa nzvimbo yakasarudzwa yeKumilmsky ndokuiputsa. Hondo yakakamurwa kuva mauto maviri: vaifambisa mabhiza vaifanira kurova kubva kurudyi, uye vafambisi vaive nebasa rokurwisa mushure meMuscovites. Vaiva zvakare vachitungamirirwa nehutano husina kunaka. Vakuru vehurumende vakaita zvakasviba, vasingatyi, kuitira kuti hondo paRwizi rwaSheroni ikarasikirwa navo nguva refu zvisati zvaitika.

Kunyange zvazvo vaNogorodians vainzwisisa uye kuti vaite sei, Kholmogorsky pakarepo vakaonekwa pedyo nemusha, vachirwisa mauto evavengi. Masimba eNogorgorod akaputswa zvachose. Zvadaro mutungamiri akaenda kuSinaya Russa, uko akazotangazve kutarisira kuswedera kwemasimba makuru. Uye zvakare akasangana neVaNogorodians, hondo inotevera yakasimuka kumhenderekedzo yeRwizi Poli. Mutungamiriri anoshingaira zvakare akarwisa uye akadzoka zvakare. Zvinotoshamisa kuti varwi vemauto vaNogorodians munguva dzehondo mbiri dzakanyarara.

Saka zvakagara zvagara zvatemerwa kushandiswa kwaNovgorod kusvika kumusoro weMoscow.

Maitiro aIvan III

Kholmogorsky ainzwisisa kuti kushanda kwakadaro kwakadaro, kunyange kana kuchibudirira, kungasava kune kufarira kwomutongi wezvematongerwo enyika. Vanyori venhau vanotaura kuti akatumira nhume kuna tsar nemashoko ekukundwa, uye akakumbira mazano pane mamwe mabasa. Ivan haana kutsamwa (asingafungi), asi akarayira mutungamiri zvisinei kuti abatane neuto rake neP Pskov.

Zvisinei, muchinda pachake akazvinzwisisa kuti zviito zvekuzvimiririra zvakare zvaigona kutotora mari yakawanda kwavari: VaNogorodians, vakashinga pamusana pezvinhu zvavo zvekushushikana mune zvematongerwo enyika, vakarwisana noushingi. Sangano reKikholmsky panguva iyoyo rakanga rarasikirwa nevanopfuura zviuru zvina varwi.

Hondo huru, tsanangudzo

Mushure mokunge vashandi vakundwa, varwi vemabhiza eRiphabliki vakaramba vachida kuonekwa pamahombekombe erwizi. Vakasangana kuzosangana neKoilmsky imwe chete, vachifambisa kuSheroni. Uye chete yezvino yerwizi inoparadzanisa vadzivisi. VaNogorodians, kusanganisira muvara wevana vavo, vakatanga kupedza usiku. Zuva rakatevera Hondo yeSheoni yakatanga.

Kubva mangwanani-ngwanani, mauto ose akatanga kutema miseve uye zvigurusa mhiri korwizi. Zvakare, Kholmsky akasarudza pakarepo. Achikurumidza kuyambuka rwizi, boka rake duku, asi rakatsamwa uye rakashamwaridzana rakarwisa Novgorodians, uyo, kubva pakumanikidzwa kwakadaro, akakurumidza kupera simba ravo rose. Panguva ino, mamwe mauto zvishoma nezvishoma uye pasina kurasikirwa akayambuka rwizi ndokupinda muhondo.

Pasinei nokutyisidzira kwekutanga, vaNogorodians vakatanga kurwisana kwazvo, nokuti vakanga vasina chavanofanira kurasikirwa nacho. Simba revatasvi vemabhiza veTatar rakarwisa rutivi rwavo, shure kwaizvozvo vazhinji varwi vakatiza. Hezvino izvo zvinoshamisa: pasinei nehondo, Novgorodians, maererano nemitemo yevanhu vepanguva, "seketani rakaputsika." Vakatanga kushingaira kugadzirisa zvikero pamwe chete, semugumisiro wekuti inenge hafu yevana vakarovererwa nehope kumashure.

Mhinduro

Kukunda kwakauyiswa kwete chete nevakuru vehondo, asi zvakare nekushamisika. Kunyange zvakadaro, vaNogorodians vakanga vakawanda, kunyange pasinei nekubatana kwavo. Kukunda kwaiva kwekukosha kwakakosha: Novgorod Council kamwechete yakaratidza chizivo uye yakasarudza kukumbira ngoni kubva kuna Ivan III, iyo iyo Grand Duchy yeMoscow yakagamuchira nemvumo.

Mauto aMuscovites akapfuurira mberi kuSheloni, uko paJune 27 vaifanira kusangana ne embassy inotungamirirwa neMetropolitan Theophanes. Zvinotoshamisa kuti, asi mazwi e armistice akanga akanyatsotsvaga: kutanga, Novgorod akapika kutendeka kune tsar. Chechipiri, akabhadhara chikwereti chakasvika 16,000 Novgorod rubles. Tinogona kutaura kuti chiitiko chacho chaingova chiratidzo chekurova, kuratidza vana vanozvikudza simba reRussia yose.

Uye panguva ino ...

Hondo yechitatu yeN Novgorod, inotungamirirwa naShuisky, yakaenda kuUstyug. Havana kuziva chinhu pamusoro pemigumisiro yehondo huru. Boyars vokuMoscow, vakaunganidza chibhakera kubva kuUstyug neViatichi, vakauya mberi kuzosangana. Masoja akasangana paRwizi rwaDvina. Sangano rakaungana reMuscovites rakatungamirirwa naVasilii Obraztsa rakarova hondo yaSusky zvakasimba. Uye zvakare, vaNogorodians havana kubatsirwa nehuwandu hwavo hutatu hwepamusoro, sezvo hondo yose yakakosha yakanga yakanyanya kuderera.

Zvechokwadi, kuendeswa kwaNovgorod kusvika kumusoro weMoscow hakuna kuitika pakarepo. Izvi zvakaitika pashure pemakore manomwe, asi kukunda uku kwakazunungusa simba rechikamu ichocho chekudzwa kwaNovgorod, uyo asina kuzvidemba kuzviisa pasi kuna Ivan III. Kholmogorsky, uyo akaita zviratidzo izvi, akaratidza zvakajeka kuti zvine ngozi zvikuru kupesana nehurumende. Nokudaro, kurwisana paRwizi rwaSheroni muna 1471 kwakagadzirisa chinangwa chakanyanya munhoroondo yeNovegorod yakasununguka.