History of Russia: nenguva Peter. Meaning, tsika Petrine yaitonga. Art uye mabhuku Petrine yaitonga

The kota XVII remakore kuRussia rokutanga aizivikanwa nokuchinja chokuita "Europeanization" munyika zvakananga. Pakutanga Petro nguva pamwe zvinokosha kuchinja tsika uye nzira youpenyu. Akabata rokuchinja dzidzo uye dzimwe nharaunda zvoupenyu paruzhinji. Vose zvokuchinja akapfuura rokutanga Danho zvakaoma zvikuru, kazhinji nechisimba. Funga rakatevera huru Zviitiko Petrine yaitonga.

Prerequisites nokuti zvinhu

Hatigoni kutaura zvinoshingaira kupinda kuWestern tsika kwakacherechedzwa munyika panguva XVII remakore. Zvisinei, ainyanya simba ichi akachinja Petrovsky ichikosha. XVIII remakore chaiva nguva pakatanga tsika itsva uye pfungwa. Chinokosha chinhu tishandurwe rava upenyu Russian kwamachinda. Kuwanda zvokuchinja rakanga riine kushandisa mamiriro zvinangwa. Peter akatsvaka zvokuchinja yaiona, mauto, maindasitiri uye sectors zvemari. Kuti aite izvi aifanira ruzivo nebudiriro Europe. Kubudirira hurumende zvinhu, iye kwakabatana paumbwe imwe nyika vepamusoro qualitatively itsva, iyo kugadzirisa nevaitonga upenyu.

kutanga ruzivo

Petrine yaitonga kwakaitika pasi pokudzora yokumadokero mararamiro. Tsitsi mutongi weRussia akazviratidza European tsika kunyange achiri muduku. Mumakore ake okutanga Peter kazhinji vakauya Quarter German, iro akawana shamwari yaro yokutanga. Mushure wokutanga kushanya kunze akanga pfungwa kuenda kuEurope kusvika Russian tsika, masangano, Ivaraidzo uye kutaurirana. Zvisinei, haana kufunga kuti zvose izvi achaonekwa navamwe matambudziko pamusana ivhu uye makemikari nhoroondo iyi haina kusikwa munyika. Petro ichikosha, muna pfupi, ari chokuita nechisimba okusuma Russian upenyu European tsika. Sezvo zvinyorwa, mambo chaizvoizvo kunodiwa nyaya transcend pachavo uye kusiya nemakore tsika zvemadzitateguru avo.

The Kutendeuka rokutanga

Kana isu kutaura zvakanga yaPetro ichikosha, zvishoma, kuti rapprochement pamwe West kwakaratidzwa kutarisirwa Hurumende pamusoro vanhu kuRussia kunyange kufanana vokuEurope kunze. Pashure asvika kubva kunze, Peter akarayira kuti vauye chigero uye kucheka ndebvu iye kwakakatyamadza boyars. oparesheni iyi mambo zvaitwa kanopfuura kamwe. Ndebvu akava kwaari chiratidzo kare. Wakaziva zvakaipa nokuda kwayo kuvapo muna chiso boyars. Kunyange refu kubva ndebvu akaita inviolable kushongedzwa, chiratidzo kukudzwa uye gentility, waunogona kudada. Chirevo 1705 akarayira varume vose kunze nevapristi uye mamongi kuveura ndebvu dzake uye ndebvu. Saka, vanhu yakanga huviri dzisakarurama zvikamu. Imwe - kwamachinda uye vepamusoro ari madhorobha vakawanda, raiva pasi kumanikidzwa Europeanization, mumwe akaramba senguva nzira.

mufananidzo

Artists nguva Petro kwavowo vanoratidza mitemo iyi munhoroondo kumwedzi. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti kupenda yose kuvandudza neumwe kunonoka tichienzanisa nedzimwe yemhando nyika. Art naPetro nguva iri kuva venyika. Pakutanga, kupenda itsva inodonongodzwa muMoscow uye St. Petersburg. Vasati ichi, tenzi akanyora chete mifananidzo. Culture Petrine yaitonga aida mufananidzo pamitambo hondo, vakakudza kukunda, mambo Portraits uye vanotongwa. engravers Russian aigona chete zvinoratidza mabhuku chechi. Panguva idzva nhoroondo Danho vaiva maonero zvakakodzera St. Petersburg, rinodhindira mabhuku atirari, mapurani uye seamanship. Culture Petrine yaitonga asunungurwa kubva pasimba chechi, achiedza kubata nyika dzokuEurope, kusundwa kure mberi.

The chaizvo ari kuchinja

Zvinoumba netsika Petrine yaitonga richiratidzwa unopinza Kushandurwa vanongogara mararamiro. Chokutanga Russia zvose vakatanga kutora kumadokero mirayiridzo paguva. Transformations rwaiitwa kwete chete kuti vauye kunyika yokumwe Artists uye mhizha. Somumwe kiyi zvinangwa National voruzhinji waitsigira pakatanga tsika yakanakisisa European. Training nguva vanatenzi Russian hakuna kugara kwenguva refu. In yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18. akadzoka kuHolland uye Italy, ivo vaimbi vakaratidza nyika tarenda ravo, avo nounyanzvi, uchitanga kusika ounyanzvi zvikuru. New Mifananidzo vanoonekwa ne kumusoro kufarira kune munhu. Pfungwa huru yave inobhadharwa nyika yake yomukati, uye mamiriro muviri. vemifananidzo Russian akatanga nhaka hwokugadzira nebudiriro vatenzi European. Pabasa ravo, vava kushandisa mabhuku matsva: machena, mafuta pamusoro kanivhasi. The kupenda sokuti Linear maonero, kukwanisa kuratidza inzwi nokudzika nzvimbo. The vemifananidzo kwenguva itsva yakatanga uye Nikitin Matveev.

achiita zvokutemera

Iye akatora nzvimbo chaiyo iri uri kutanga yezana remakore rechi18. The achiita zvokutemera kwainzi kupfuura kuwana mhando kupenda. Akakurumidza sei zvakaitika muupenyu hwangu. Range zvidzidzo aihuitira Portraits unhu wakakurumbira, mhando maguta, hondo, mhemberero. ichikosha Petro akapa Russia uye nyika vatenzi akadai Rostovtsev, Alexei uye Ivan Zubov.

vakasiyana Portraits

Vakatangawo kuonekwa pakutanga remakore. Vanyori vokutanga vaiva Ovsov uye Musikiysky. kokutanga kuti kusika vakasiyana Portraits kuti vezvematongerwo nehama dzavo. Zvisinei, kuti kudiwa mabasa aya kwakawedzera pashure iri kuti Academy of Arts mulast kota muzana remakore rechi18, boka chaiyo.

mabhuku

Izvi zvakajeka zvikuru akaratidza dzinoitwa itsva zera mabhuku Petrine yaitonga. Muna 1717 zvakanzi rakabudiswa "Nhaurirano ...", iro akataura zvikonzero hondo Sweden. Bhuku rakagadzirirwa neDare Mutevedzeri-chanzera Shafirov akamiririra wamambo. Izvi "pfungwa" rava yokutanga Russian nedzenyu bhuku iri vatorwa mutemo zvinokosheswa Russia. kuchinja zvoupfumi kunooneka zvinyorwa Pososhkov. bhuku rake dzakakurumbira aiva "Book kwepfuma uye urombo." A kupenya munyori, mukurukuri, chechi uye voruzhinji muzera Peter aiva mutsigiri Chechi Feofan Prokopovich zvinhu. Akakurukura "mirayiro Yomudzimu", "The chokwadi iyeye aiva". Mumwe mufananidzo akakurumbira aiva Stefan Jaworski. Akasika maturakiti echitendero akadai "paDombo Faith", "chiratidzo chokuuya kwaAntikristu." mabasa aya kunangana Protestantism uye reformism.

varaidzo

Panguva kuchinja oedza kusika voruzhinji yemitambo muSt Petersburg uye Moscow. Tinoisa pachikuva mutambo uye nhoroondo yekuberekwa ( "Amphitryon" uye "Doctor Kudzosera" by Moliere Somuenzaniso). Akatanga kuoneka uye mabasa kunoshamisa wokutanga mumhuri. Saka, era aPetro aizivikanwa nokuumba tragicomedy Prokopovich "Vladimir", Zhukovsky kutamba "Kubwinya kuna Russia". Kuchinja tsika wakaratidzwa kwaita itsva Ivaraidzo. Pakazosvika 1718 ari vepamusoro of Petersburg Society nezvokudzokera sumo edunhu. Pfungwa iyi akaberekerwa Peter pashure rokuenda vapenyu French. Vakaunganidza uye vakabvunzurudzwa zvikuru enyika, masayendisiti, vemifananidzo nevamwe vamiririri yakakwirira munzanga. Achitanga edunhu muRussia, Peter akaedza kudzidzisa vakuru kune rokunyika maitiro, uyewo kuita mamiriro vakadzi muupenyu paruzhinji. Mukuita musangano vaishandisa muvandudzi uye hunoshanda uye yokungotaura nebudiriro Europe. In chirevo, waidzora hurongwa ungano mudzimba ndiyo mitemo kuti kundorondedzera ezuva, zvakange kutevera chipo.

nguva

"Magetsi" yaiva pfungwa huru, iyo azara yose zera Peter. Paitonga muvandudzi mukuru akanga kwakaratidzwa kutanga kwenguva itsva. Zvino count chaiitirwa kwete kubvira pakusikwa kwenyika, uye kuberekwa kwaKristu. Gore idzva rakatanga musi 1 January, pane 1 September. Rakavakwa sezvo nemazororo. Saka, Petro wakatangwa ne New Year. Kupemberera aro aifanira kutora nzvimbo kubva 1 kusvika 7 January. Panyaya iyi, suwo roruvanze vanofanira shongedza zvomusiperesi, nemipaini uye emijunipa kana mapazi. Mumigwagwa mikuru manheru chakarairwa omoto, uye kuonana nevanhu vakanga Nokukorokotedza mumwe. Mune New Year iri guru hwemoto. Saka Petro aiva muvambi mazororo National zhinji. Victory mhemberero simbi pani Nomuenzaniso yokubudirira Rome. Mugore 1769-metres mabiko pachiitiko kukunda pana Azov akaratidza zvinokosha zviitiko zveramangwana. Vaiona zviratidzo Roman zvakajeka zvikuru. By hurongwa mambo akanga akavaka kwokukunda Arch.

Vakadzi sumo mukuru upenyu

Kuburikidza ake zvinhu, Peter haana kufunga kuti vanhu hakusi chaizvo kugadzirira pavo. Somuenzaniso, vakadzi chaizvo matambudziko nechinguvana kure domostroevskogo murayiro. Zvisinei, mumwe muvandudzi aivatarisira. Akataura vakadzi, sei kuti vazvibate, mapfekero, hurukuro. Pakutanga, pakereke, maererano netsamba vakararama panguva, Vakadzi Russian, zvakasimba corseted, kwete chete haana kuziva sei kutamba nenyasha uye zvakanaka, asi haana kuziva kuti vanofanira kugara pasi kana kuti kuva. Vakawanda vakanga zveufende, zveufende.

Kukosha Petrine yaitonga

Kutendeutsa mambo akabvumira nyika kusvika qualitatively itsva chechetere. Pakutanga yekudyidzana akaderedza pakaputsika tsika uye zvoupfumi mabhora ose yepamusoro kunyika Europe. Uyezve, Russia kwakasimbiswa rukuru uye simba mamiriro. Kuburikidza pakatanga European tsika, nyika yakatanga kutora dzakawanda chinosiririsa. Pamusana Petro kuchinja vava chinhu chinokosha chinhu haana kugadzirisa pasina reRussia vabatanidzwe. Kuchinja kuti vakatora nzvimbo muupenyu paruzhinji mune yokutanga kota muzana remakore rechi18, vaiva mberi chaizvo. Zvisinei, ivo ndakawedzera musiyano uri pakati kwamachinda uye makirasi ezasi. Namachinda akatendeukira anokudzwa vapfumi kirasi. Kushandiswa nemagariro kubudirira uye zvinobatsira aiva neropafadzo yavo chete. izvi zvose Akaperekedzwa kupararira kuzvidza mutauro wokuRussia uye tsika yekare nechavakuru kwezvakatipoteredza. Vazhinji dzekare vanoti Europeanization vakawedzera kunaka tsika kuratidzwa pre-Petrine Russia. Ivepo zvakagadzirwa vakanzwisisa kwamachinda zvakakomba. Kazhinji afunge kutendeuka matanho, pakatarisana zvachose nezvakanga aitarisirwa. Unhu hwakanaka uye ruremekedzo varayirwa vasingagoni kuva womukati kudiwa, vakapa pave kutsvinyirwa uye zvinonyadzisa. Kuchinja sei chete pamusoro kwenzanga. The Russian murimi mudiki kuchiri refu chaizvo nguva yapera naPetro nguva haana kuenda yemitambo, regai verenga mapepanhau, handizivi nezvokuvapo pamagungano. Saka, zviri kuchinja kwakachinja chinzvimbo mukirasi ropafadzo kuMadokero, uye upenyu nemakirasi rezasi - akananga kumwewo, kurutivi East. Kudivi rimwe, kutendeuka muupenyu uye netsika zvinhu zviri yakaumbwa kuti kukura dzidzo, sainzi uye mabhuku. Zvisinei, tsika dzakawanda dzokuEurope uye pfungwa uye chisimba Kutamiswa mechanically. Izvi akasika zvinokosha zvipingamupinyi zvizere kukura Russian tsika zvetsika kwakavakirwa tsika yekare. The vamiririri kwamachinda, kugamuchira tsika European, asi zvikuru kubva pavanhu. Muchengeti Russian nemagariro - Russian murimi mudiki - akanga akasunganidzwa netsika dzenyika. Uye ichi chete unotsigira kubatana kwayo mukufamba mazuvaano weHurumende. Somugumisiro, yakatanga yakadzika socio-tsika nekupesana munzanga. All izvi zviitiko zviri zvikuru zvakafanorongwa chakasimba kuzvipokanidza uye simba evanhu nenyonganyonga rakamuka kwezana remakore rechi20.

mhedziso

Petrine shanduko mune tsika, magariro zvoupenyu hwavo pachena pamwe raidudzwa enyika hunhu. Kazhinji, kuchinja rwaiitwa nechisimba. Vanhu dzakamanikidzwa kutora vatorwa kwavari tsika nesayenzi. izvi zvose zvaiitwa zvinodiwa mamiriro, yakaumbwa varayirwa namambo wacho oma. Musiyano mukuru pakati Russian Empire akasika kota zana, akanga akasimbisa zvaiva nechokuita naPetro nguva. Yokuchinja akaedza kupa noukuru ehurumende, kupinda nawo dzakawanda ukama pamusoro Rights nyika dzokuEurope. Ndokusaka ari kushingaira kushandisa kumadokero tsika. Vanochinja zvachose mabhora ose oupenyu kwamachinda. In tanga zvakagadzirwa inonzi mikukutu nemishonga. Zvisinei, kuteerera namambo haabvumirwi. Elite Estates vaifanira kuteerera uye kuti kudzidza kurarama pasi mitemo mitsva. Pakutevedzera kwakachena, Peter akatsvaka nechokwadi kuti kwamachinda vakagamuchira rinoshanda European ruzivo. Saka, vaiwanzofamba kunze pachake, vakandowanikwa kumwe vaanotonga, dzichikoka vatorwa Russia. Akatsvaka kuunza nyika kubva enyika nevamwe. Munguva Petro akawandisa mabasa ounyanzvi. vatenzi Russian kushandisa ruzivo uye unyanzvi vokuEurope, akasika ounyanzvi, vakazochinja zvakazivikanwa yose. Kuchinja vakanga kuchengetwa mavakirwo. Pasinei asi hasha okusuma zvakagadzirwa, Russia yaizotamira pedyo Europe. Zvisinei, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mashoko kuchinja sei chete okumusoro makirasi. Vanhuwo zvavo vakaramba kuverenga nokunyora. The makirasi repasi vaiva vachengeti tsika dzekare uye matsvene dzavo achakudzwa. Petro unhu runoonekwa kare zhinji nharo. Ambiguously panoonekwa vaongorori uye ake kuchinja. Kushandurwa wake sei kwete chete tsika uye upenyu, unyanzvi uye mapurani. Kuchinja kunge bhora neechiuto, administrative midziyo. zvakagadzirwa vakawanda midzi munyika. Tevera zvizvarwa vakakwanisa wegadziriro akasikwa Peter. Key rava chiratidzo vakashinga zvinhu, zvibereko uye Kushandisa kubudirira Western. Peter vakapedza nebasa rakawanda chaizvo munyika. Pasinei hazvina kutora nyaya ezvinhu akawanda uye peculiarities yeRussian mafungiro kare vanoziva kuti hurumende pasi hwake akaita chihombe danho. Society rava mberi, rokunyika, akadzidza, vakadzidza. In zvizvarwa Peter, tinogona kutaura zvinenge mutongi chete uyo rakaramba musoro Great akamupa muupenyu hwake.