History kweSiberia. Ubanguranyika uye kukura kweSiberia

Stone nokuti bhandi guru, Urals, akatambanudza zvakawanda expanses kweSiberia. nzvimbo iyi anofukidza anenge-mumativi zvitatu zvachose nzvimbo munyika. Siberia kupfuura rechipiri pakukura (pashure Russia) mamiriro enyika - Canada. Vanopfuura mamiriyoni gumi akaenzana makiromita zvinochengeterwa kwaro pachipfuva hariperi matura zviwanikwa, kana kushandiswa zvakakodzera, kwakakwanira upenyu uye kubudirira dzakawanda namarudzi.

Campaign nokuti Stone Belt

Kutanga kukura kweSiberia Nhoroondo kwemakore rokutonga Ivana Groznogo. The zvikuru yokuita revarwi vairinda mberi zvakadzama dzomusango ichi uye pasingagarwi panguva kumucheto yakanga paavhareji Urals, Batanidzai muridzi yaiva Stroganov mushambadzi mhuri. Uchishandisa auspices of Moscow tsars, ivo vaiva yakakura nzvimbo panyika, iro pakanga misha-matatu nemapfumbamwe nemisha pamwe Solvychegodsk wemamongi. Ivo aivawo ngetani nhare, akatambanudza muganhu chete nefuma Khan Kuchum.

History kweSiberia, kuti munoreva, ayo kukunda Russian Cossacks yakatanga chokwadi kuti madzinza kugara mairi vakaramba kubhadhara yokuRussia chamber yasyk - muripo mavakanga kutereswa kwemakore akawanda. Uyezve, mwanakomana womunun'una mutongi - Khan Kuchum - zhinji mutumbi emauto akaita dzakatevedzana vachirwisa pamusoro nemisha zvaiva mhuri Stroganov. Kudzivirira vaenzi vasingadiwi vapfumi vatengesi vakaripira Cossacks inotungamirirwa Ataman Vasily Timofeevich Alenin zita romusere rokuti Ermak. Pasi zita iri akapinda nhoroondo weRussia.

Yokutanga Matanho nerumwe nharaunda

Muna September 1582 Boka mazana manomwe namakumi mashanu murume akatanga kufamba kwake kunozivikanwa kuti Urals. Yaiva mhando yakawanikwa kweSiberia. Mumazana nzira yacho Cossacks nemhanza. Tatars vaigara kumatunhu avo, asi kupfuura simba ravo, asi akaderera zvehondo. Vakanga kushanda vasingazivi nepfuti chete kwakapararira panguva iyoyo Russia, uye avhunduka nguva dzose waizonzwa volley.

Kurutivi Russian Khan akatuma muzukuru wake Mametkula navanhu zviuru gumi. Hondo kwakaitika ari Tobol River. Pasinei zvavo nhamba ukuru, kuti Tatars vakakurirwa. Cossacks, kuvaka pamusoro kubudirira, pedyo chaizvo Khan wacho guru Kashlyk pano pakupedzisira achapwanya muvengi. Vaimbove ishe unopinza akamhanya, uye muzukuru ngwizhingwi ake akabatwa. Kubva zuva Khanate rakapotsa havasisipo. History kweSiberia anoita rwakapoteredza itsva.

Kurwa vatorwa

Mumazuva iwayo, vakawanda Tatars namarudzi omurume aizokundwa navo uye ndizvo vabati vechibharo dzavo. Mari havana kuziva uye yasyk yako akabhadhara furs. Sezvo pokukundwa Kuchum vanhu ava vakauya pasi pokutonga Russian chamber, uye mapepa sables uye Martens vakanga kudhonzwa muMoscow kure. chigadzirwa ichi zvinokosha iri nguva dzose uye kwose kwose kudiwa kukuru, uye zvikurukuru - iri European kumusika.

Zvisinei, kwete marudzi ose vakagamuchira zvisingadzivisiki. Vamwe vakaramba kudzivisa, kunyange zvazvo simba gore negore. Cossack mauto mberi kufora yavo. Muna 1584, akafa kunozivikanwa jinda Ermak Timofeevich. Zvino, sezvo kazhinji zvinoitika Russia, nokuda kuregeredza, uye kuregeredza - rimwe zororo kwamira havasi pachena nguva. Zvino Saizvozvowo kuti vakapukunyuka mazuva mashoma asati akavaisa muvengi yokuzviparadzanisa usiku. Kushandisa vakakanganisa pakati Cossacks, ivo pakarepo vakarwisa ndokutanga rokutema vakarara vanhu. Ermak, kuedza kutiza, akasvetukira murwizi, asi hombe dzokurwa - pachedu chipo Ivana Groznogo - anonakidzwa naye pasi.

Kurarama akakunda dunhu

Kubvira panguva iyoyo, zvakatanga kushingaira kusimudzira Western kweSiberia. Pashure Cossack mauto akanga vakadhonzera mukati taiga murenje vavhimi, varimi, vafundisi, uye, chokwadi, machinda akati. Vose vakatendeuka kubva nokuda Mountains Ural, vachiva vakasununguka. Pakanga pasina serfdom, kana landlordism. Chete kubhadhara mutero wakasiyiwa mamiriro. madzinza Local zvakare, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, akanga pasi yasykom mbava. Panguva iyi, nefuma kubva papfuma pakutengeserana kubva Siberian mbava chinhu rakakura Russian bhajeti.

History kweSiberia rakabatana pamwe kusikwa kwegadziriro nhare - kuzvidzivirira (pamusoro, panzira, gare gare akakura vazhinji guta), waimira sezvo boka ravarwi kuti uwane kukunda mudunhu. Saka, muna 1604 rayakavambwa guta Tomsk, uyo akazova kupfuura zvoupfumi uye netsika pakati. Pashure pfupi nguva paiva Kuznetsky uye Yenisei jails. Ndivo mapoka avarwi zvechiuto uye kutarisira kudzora muunganidzwa yasyka.

Documents makore iwayo anoratidza chokwadi zhinji uori pakati vehurumende. Pasinei chokwadi kuti vose furs apinda chefuma mutemo, vamwe vakuru vakuru uye Cossacks zvakananga zvaisanganisira nekunhonga mutero inflated mitemo isingachinji, mabasa mutsauko kwavo nyasha. Kunyange ipapo, mutemo kwakadaro varangwe zvakasimba, uye tinoziva nyaya dzakawanda apo vanokara inobhadharwa kuti chiito rusununguko uye kunyange upenyu hwavo.

Uyezve kupinda mundima itsva

Zvikurukuru zvikuru Colonisation rikurumidze vakatanga pashure pakuguma Nguva Troubles. Chinangwa vose akamboda kutsvaka mufaro munyika itsva, unexplored nendima, yaiva nguva iyi Eastern kuSiberia. Izvi rinomhanya kwazvo kumhanya, uye kuguma XVII remakore Russian asvika Pacific nemhenderekedzo. Panguva ino paiva idzva hurumende mamiriro - Siberian Department. mabasa ake raisanganisira pokugadzwa idzva kurongeka zvakanaka dzinodzorwa nenharaunda navabati nominating vaiva zvesango mvumo vamiririri youmambo simba.

Mukuwedzera yasychnogo muunganidzwa furs, akaitawo kutenga ose furs, nokuti idzo kukarukureta chaiitirwa kwete mari, uye ose kwenhumbi: namatemo, masaha, siyana nazvo, uyewo micheka. History, zvinosuruvarisa pane zvakawanda nyaya yokushungurudzwa. Kazhinji, nehanya wavabati uye vakuru Cossack kunoguma mhirizhonga veko, uyo aifanira kuisa pasi nechisimba.

The chikuru zvataurwa Colonisation

Eastern Siberia nyanzvi mune mirayiridzo huru mbiri: kuchamhembe mhenderekedzo yamakungwa, uye kumaodzanyemba kumuganhu mutsetse yakabatana nayo States. Pakutanga mashoko XVII remakore nayo yaigadziriswa vokuRussia pamhenderekedzo Irtysh uye Ob, uye shure kwavo, uye nzvimbo yakakura yakanga yakabatana Yenisei. Vakanga makasimbiswa uye akatanga kuvaka maguta akadai Tyumen, Tobolsk uye Krasnoyarsk. Vose vaifanira pakupedzisira kuva huru maindasitiri uye tsika nzvimbo.

Humwe kukurudzira colonists Russian vakatakura pamusoro Lena River kunyanya. Pano, muna 1632, yakanga yakavakwa dzavarwi, izvo chamuita kuguta Yakutsk - anokosha panguva bhuku pfungwa iri pakuzadzisa kuchamhembe uye kumabvazuva munzvimbo. Kunyanya nokuti ichi kare makore maviri gare gare Cossacks inotungamirwa Ivan Moskvin akakwanisa kusvika kumahombekombe nePacific Ocean, uye vatsvakurudzi nokukurumidza Russian pakutanga vakaona Kuril Islands uye Sakhalin.

Vakundi chechikara mucheto

History kweSiberia uye kuFar East achiri anochengeta kuyeuka chinoshamisa mufambi - Cossack Semyon Dezhnev. Muna 1648 iye uye yokuzviparadzanisa rinotungamirirwa naye midziyo zvinoverengeka kokutanga skirted mhenderekedzo North Asia, uye akaratidza ariko nesuwo iyo anoparadzanisa kuSiberia kubva America. Panguva imwe chete mumwe mufambi, Pojar, vachipfuura kumuganhu wokumaodzanyemba kweSiberia uye vakasimuka Amur, asvika yeGungwa Okhotsk.

Kunyange pashure penguva yave yakavakirwa Nerchinsk. kukosha kwayo dzinongoita pakutsvaga kuti somugumisiro kumabvazuva Cossacks pedyo China, idzo vanoti kundima idzi. Pakazosvika nguva Russian Empire akatambanudza ayo dzinongoitika miganhu. Mumakore remakore zvakanga kuenda rakadzikama basa nenzvimbo kubudirira munguva Colonisation kwemigumisiro.

Mitemo kwakabatana kundima itsva

Nhoroondo remakore rechi19 Siberia kunoratidzwa zvakawanda kunyanya administrative zvakagadzirwa kwakamboitwa upenyu nharaunda. Mumwe dzokutanga yakanga kusimbiswa muna 1822 chezita nechirevo Alexander I, weboka ndima iyi yakakura kupinda maviri mukuru-gavhuna. Tobolsk akava Nhongonya West uye East - Irkutsk. Ivowo, rakakamurwa enyika, uye avo - pamusoro County kanzuru uye inorodcheskih. Kushandurwa ichi pamusana rinozivikanwa nadzurudzo M. M. Speranskogo.

Chete gore vakaona chiedza mabasa gumi zvemitemo yakasainwa namambo uye yokudzora zvose zvinoumba administrative, upfumi uye pamutemo upenyu. nzeve zvikuru gwaro iri wakapiwa nyaya chokuita kukura nzvimbo yezve rusununguko uye kuti kushumira mujeri. Pakazosvika XIX remakore mujeri uranda uye jails vava chinokosha nharaunda iyi.

Siberia pamepu makore iwayo rakazara mazita mumigodhi, basa kuti akatora nzvimbo bedzi mumaoko vasungwa. Nerchin ichi, uye Trans-Baikal uye Grace uye nevamwe vakawanda. Somugumisiro pakati vakawanda nhapwa pakati vechikamu pamusoro Decembrists uye vokuPoland kupanduka 1831, hurumende kunyange chokubatanidza zvose kuSiberia rwenyika pasi pokudzora ane zvikuru akarigadzirira Gendarmerie District.

Pakutanga kwemaindasitiri kumucheto

Pakati mainyanya kuti vakagamuchira panguva iyi yakakura kukura, zvinofanira kutanga kugadzirwa nendarama yakati. Pakazosvika pakati remakore yaiva guru chikamu zvachose Vhoriyamu anokosha simbi anogadzirwa munyika. Uyewo huru dzinowanika zveminda vaibva migodhi maindasitiri, izvo zvikuru yakawedzera nguva ino bhuku mugodhi wacho. Kudziridza, nevamwe vazhinji vakanga vakura.

Muzana remakore itsva

Mukutanga XX remakore, riwedzere nokuda pakuzadzisa nharaunda yaiva kuvakwa Trans-Siberian Railway. History kweSiberia iri post-echimurenga nguva izere mumutambo. Sezvo iye yakatsvairwa expanses monstrous mu pamwero chavo chokuuraya hama hondo, uko kwakaguma muna liquidation of White kufamba uye kugadzwa simba yeSoviet. Panguva Great Patriotic War munzvimbo anobviswa maindasitiri uye vemauto mabhizimisi akawanda. Maererano neizvi zvinoshamisa kunowedzera vanhu mumaguta mazhinji.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti chete nokuti nguva 1941-1942. pano vanhu vanodarika miriyoni akauya. Munguva yepashure pehondo, apo vakawanda dzakavakwa hofori mafekitari, simba zvinomera uye njanji mitsetse, uye chinokosha mutsika vashanyi hwakanyorwa - zvose vane musha mutsva kuva kuSiberia. Mepu iri huru munharaunda paiva mazita kuti vave zviratidzo ari ichikosha - Baikal-Amur Mainline, Bratsk HPP, Novosibirsk uye zvakawanda.