Gokora - nechiyero urefu. Gokora Length. nokuyerwa gokora

Gokora sechikamu mumuviri, kana panzvimbo, "nzvimbo peta ruoko," Zvinozivikanwa. Uyewo, hapana zvinomutsa mibvunzo uye vakashamiswa zvinoreva shoko rechipiri, rine chokuita zvipfeko. Iyi inzvimbo pamusoro ruoko apo vokukurukura ari kugokora rwakashodoka. Asi nhasi, haasi munhu wose anoziva kuti kwemazana emakore anoverengeka shoko rakanga zvinowanzoshandiswa wechitatu, zviri usingachashandi zvaireva: kugokora - chiyero urefu. Ane panguva dzakasiyana dzinoshandiswa marudzi mazhinji munyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika, kusanganisira vagari yokutanga yekare Russian mamiriro, uye gare gare - the Russian Empire.

Elbow - chiyero urefu?

Mhaka iyi kujairika mumaonero yazvino murume shoko rakanga chaizvoizvo nyore. Kusati kwatombova tsika masendimita, uye vamwe aizivikanwa kwatiri nhasi, nyore nzira kuyera zviumbu ngamirirwa zvinhu ajaira. Izvi Somuenzaniso, mativi akasiyana-siyana dzomuviri womunhu. Uyezve, vakanga vagara "naye." Chii urefu minwe uye maoko, kana Zvichakadaro nenamo? uremu zvikuru sei kurera munhu panguva? Chii kure pakati rwakatambanudzwa thumbs uye indekisi minwe muruoko? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi nemimwe yakafanana vakabatsira kuona kurema mazuva akare, kureba, kukwirira zvinhu. Chokwadi, mashoko aya akanga anofungidzirwa uye kazhinji zvakasiyana, asi pasina rakakwana nevakariri vose kuyera hurongwa vari mapedzere anenge zvachose dambudziko tsanangudzo variables. Kuedza kunatsiridza uye kuwedzera migumisiro basa rako, vanhu zvishoma nezvishoma vakasvika pakugumisa kuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo (dzimwe nguva kunyange mukati imwe nyika chete) neimwe chikwata vakanga yakasimbiswa chaizvo chaizvo mashoko.

Than taishandisa pamazuva akare, vomunyika yedu

An chiyero rekare urefu pamusoro kunyika Russian vangava mazita akasiyana: padiki, padiki, kubhiti, makubhiti (kana danho), tsoka nomwe, mamaira. Vamwe akazviratidza yapfuura, vamwe pashure, asi vose kwenguva refu nguva vakanga kazhinji kugamuchirwa munyika kuwanda mugadziriro. Maduku zvidzidzo zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa zvipfuwo bhora, okupedzisira maviri - kazhinji kuziva madaro akareba pakati paishandiswa nhepfenyuro nemisha.

Kuyerwa gokora dzakanga dzapararira rokutengesa uye pakutanga yaiva vatengesi vakakwana uye varidzi nematanga emapoka ari kutengeswa zvidimbu zviduku jira, kanivhasi, jira. Landlords kuishandisa anogona kuona Kureba tambo kuti hemp kana mavara nyore kubva shinda riri vanodzungunyika. Elbow uye kushandiswa kuvaka Somuenzaniso, kusarudza kukura hwindo uye musuo mawindo.

In Russia pane shanduro dzakawanda ichi nyore uye nyore matanho. Saka kusiyaniswa mumwe kugokora guru, iro vakapfuura kaviri kuipa uye pakureba ruoko kubva pamafudzi kusvika nyore. Kwenguva yakati ndiye inonyanya kufarirwa hurongwa yakayerwa zvarakanakira (gare gare Saizvozvowo kuyera simbi pachivanze). Paivawo kukwana, dvuhladonny, Iwanski (akanga formalized muna Velikiy Novgorod uye yakapoteredza) kugokora. Nokuti kanenge kashanu kana matanhatu emakore, ichi chiyero rekare urefu rave pamutemo uye akashandiswa mundima dzose Russian wehurumende. Uye shoko "kugokora" kwenguva refu nguva vakasonganira zvikurukuru ukoshi ichi. Zviri chete kubva pakutanga XVI remakore ari akanyorwa seri zvakanzi yakasimbiswa yaizivikanwa kwatiri ukoshi - mumwe vanobwembura iri ruoko.

Sezvo pakutsvaga kukura kugokora

Mubvunzo mukuru, izvo kazhinji kufarira vanhu kuziva nhasi yakabva kushandiswa shoko "kugokora - ndiwo sei?"

Kunotsvaka mhinduro, unofanira kutanga kuna pamutemo zvinyorwa - Dictionary. Vari chaizvo kuzivikanwa uye vairemekedza compilers pakati C uye D. Ushakov Ozhegov muna imwe tsika rinopa zvakafanana tsanangudzo, zvino anozivikanwa se "sharuka". Ivo gokora - chiyero urefu kushandiswa mundima Old Russian nehurumende uye akaenzana inenge hafu mita. Zvisinei, kana tikatarisa mamwe mabhuku, unogona kuwana nhamba dzakasiyana chaizvo. Kakawanda vane 46-47 masendimita Pane unogona kuwana kukura 38-46 cm uye masendimita kunyange kupfuura 50 Sezvingatarisirwa, mubvunzo unomuka roga: .. "Chii akanga akaenzana kugokora mumazuva ekare uye chii chakaita musiyano yakadaro kuzo kureba kwayo?"

Kufunga nezvenyaya iyi, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti pakutanga, pamberi kupararira nhamba uye vamapoka hukuru siyana, imwe "tsime" nokuda kutsunga hukuru dzavo, kusanganisira imwe kugokora, vaiva nhengo dzemuviri. Zvisinei, vanhu vose vane chitarisiko zvakasiyana uye mano. Somugumisiro, kure kubva kugokora ruoko kana munwe muromo Pakati Clenching chibhakera (iyo inorondedzera kukura chikwata) pa mumwe munhu aiva munhu. Zvakaratidza kuti munharaunda dzinenge ose enyika ari Russian State kugokora pakureba zvakanga zvakasiyana nevamwe. Kuti zvimwe kuuya kuzouyisa hurongwa uye zvakafanana mune zvinenge imwe nzvimbo, mayors dzimwe nguva chigadzirirwe chikwata ichi nechiyero zvakananga ivhu, uye ipapo ivo vakaisa pfungwa vatengesi zvose pamisika uye munzvimbo zvitoro uye vatengi vaishandisa. imwe nzira kwakadaro yave iripo kwenguva refu: kubva XI (chero zvazvingava, panguva ino panotanga kutaurwa kugokora mu "Russian Chokwadi" Grand Prince Yaroslava Mudrogo) uye kusvika XVI remakore. Ipapo chikatsiviwa pachivanze, iyo akaita Russian Empire kusati kwatombova vezvikwata ano.

Kubva munhoroondo kuziva kukura kugokora

Kakawanda kiyi mukunzwisisa yakapfuura munhau zvakanyorwa manyuko kuti kwemazana emakore Maponesa umboo zviitiko zvaiitika. Kuti mashoko ari huripo zviumbu kunogona kuwanikwa kubva mumabhuku.

Mumwe Zvivako mabhuku rekare raiva "Kufamba abbot Daniel Munyika Tsvene", zvakanyorwa pakutanga pamusoro XII remakore. munyori wayo, aimbova mumongi uyo akatungamirira mushandirapamwe vechinamato kuna Palestine uye ayo mushumo rwaro arambe. Ndiyo chigadzirwa zvisakakwana yakabatsira vomunguva kuwana mhinduro yomubvunzo: "Elbow - ndiwo sei?"

Chokwadi chokuti "Kufamba ..." inopa rondedzero huru dzinoyera Jerusarema - Mutsvene muguva, uye kusanganisira kupiwa ayo chaiwo. Saka, Daniel akacherechedza kuti kureba uye upamhi zvinofambidzana sezvo shongwe kugokora mana navaviri. Gare gare, pakati XVII remakore, mumwe mupristi Russian - Patriarch Nikon - yakaitwa kujairika, uye munhu kunyange ushingiwo hope. Pamahombekombe ari Istra rwizi pasi utungamiriri hwake rakadzikwa kwazvo Resurrection New Jerusalem wemamonk, anongoda chete, asi ari kukura maduku, anozivikanwa zvivako Palestinian. It rakaumbwa uye chaiyo kopi Holy weguva, wakange zvakafanana kukura sezvo iri Holy Land, asi chete raanotaura vavaki uye vershoks netepimezha. Ndicho izvi zvinhu zviviri zvine chokuita mazita Daniel uye Nikon zvadaro akabvumira nokuenzanisa zvinowanikwa Data uye nyore svomhu Masvomhu kufunga zvinhu pamutemo 1 kubhiti akanga akaenzana 46,6 cm. Mufananidzo uyu Inonyanya kana kutaurwa.

Iwanski gokora

Pane humwe uchapupu hwokuti chii chave iyi yakakurumbira chairema urefu.

Saka, pakati remakore rechimakumi maviri, panguva matongo Zvakafukunurwa zviri muguta rekare Nizhny Novgorod, zvakanzi vakawana zvikuru dzinonakidza kubva kare maonero uye akakodzera kuti nyaya zvinhu. Mumwe wavo ari tsvimbo aita, kazhinji kubva mukaha hunde ane omujunipa uye tsime yakabwinyiswa nezvanza zvamaoko ake (chokwadi ichi kunoratidza kuti aiva parwendo nguva). A kumeso uye neatly akacheka micheto vataura kuti chinhu rachengetedzwa yaro yepakutanga chimiro. Pashure pokuongororwa uye kutsunga wemakore ichi "tsotso" kujairika, zvakanzi vakagumisa kuti aigona sechibereko mureza matanho uye zvairatidza kuda XI-XII emakore. Saka Elbow Length (sezviri shamhu kupfuura zvimwe kupindirana naye) akanga 54,7 cm.

Makore mashomanana akanga apfuura pyatnadtsatisantimetrovy Chip mutsetse kwakafanana chakawanikwa chete nzvimbo ukama, zvichida, kuti kwapera nguva - XIV remakore. Pasinei kukuvara kunyange akararama necheSalvic mashoko "svatogoivanos".

Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvinodiwa zvakadaro aigona zvechokwadi zvivepo, kana kwete zvose, zvino kupfuura zvikuru dzematunhu nzvimbo. Uye basa rinoitwa munhu kudzorwa kuyera Kureba sero. Saka, zviremera vaiedza kudzivirira zvido vaitenga uye vatengi.

Chii refu: tsoka nomwe kana kugokora?

Muna 1017 imwe yakakurumbira mumongi pamusoro Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor, vakaburukira munhau sezvo wokutanga sahwira anodudza mumwe Russian chikwata chizvarwa. Zviri tsoka nomwe, kubatikana dzinotevera pashure kugokora nzvimbo. Kureba zvakare aiva nomuenzaniso wakanaka uye akanga akatsunga nenzira dzakawanda. Akanakisisa kuzivikanwa uye Inonyanya - daro pakati kumuromo kwematanda neminwe vakarambana kwakasiyana-siyana maoko (ichi Centrifugal vakati vapfuura). Chimwe musiyano pakati nokuyerwa - kubva pamusoro pasi uye kubva pamafudzi kusvika uriri pamwero. Pakupedzisira, ngaaruramisire Tsanga yacho yaichekwa kubva chetsoka kuruboshwe kuti nyore rwake rworudyi, akamutsa (oblique tsoka nomwe). Shoko pacharo yakaumbwa kubva yekare Russian rechiito "syagat" aiva kukosha "sei unogona kuzadzisa ruoko." Zvose izvi, chokwadi, inopa mhinduro yomubvunzo kuti Hwakareba - nomwe tsoka kana kugokora.

Uwane mashoko anogona kuwanikwa, wakati Kunyatsoziva dzinotevera. MuRussia, yakagoverwa mazita anopfuura gumi chakasiyana ichi vakati vapfuura: diki, oblique (kana KOSOV), mupurisa, Centrifugal, youmambo, Mason nevamwe. saizi yavo ranged kubva 1,34 mita maviri nehafu kana kupfuura. Uyewo, ndinoziva kuti nyaya vakawana ibwe ane chinyorwa muna kwechiSlavonic. Vanotaurwa wake Prince Gleb akatanga kuyera kure muruwa, uye kugadzirisa migumisiro kushandisa zvakakodzera zvikuru nechiyero kuti urefu ichi - tsoka nomwe. Pave paya, vaiongorora, kuongorora zvinyorwa uye kuzorodzwa pasi, vakasvika pakugumisa kuti paavhareji, zviri akaenzana rimwe nehafu mamita. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinoenderana kukura vakati vapfuura, vakanga akarongwa nenzira ezvivako kubva siyana zvinyorwa chokuita kuvakwa. Uyewo kazhinji raishandiswa kutsunga hachisi refu chaizvo marefu.

Saka, mashoko kuongorora chinoita kuti tigumise kuti hombe mwero urefu - sazhen. Kugokora aiva sezvakarayirwa unokosha mupfupi, uye saka zvikuru akakodzera nokuyerwa duku kadikidiki zvinhu muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Arshin pachinzvimbo gokora

Kutanga kubva XVI remakore, nokuyerwa kugokora iri zvishoma nezvishoma kutsakatika. Uye zvinokwanisika kuziva zvikonzero zvinoverengeka nokuda chiitiko ichi. Mumwe wavo ari chokuita chokwadi kuti pakupera kwezana XVI-XVII emakore wakabudiswa "bhuku kutengesa", rakagadzirirwa vatengesi uye zvimwe vatengesi. It chakaunzwa kushandiswa mutsva pedengu chikwata - mamita - ndokuinama ayo anofungidzirwa saizi - masendimita 71 Iye kunorondedzerwa kuyera daro kubva pamafudzi kusvika muromo pakati chigunwe ruoko .. Kusiyana nemakore Russian "kugokora", shoko rakanga "mutorwa." Zvino Russia kubva East munguva vanoshingaira kukura dzaishandiswa ukama pakati penyika mbiri. Bhuku akapiwa kureba tafura chiito, umo zvinotevera ukama vezvikwata zvitsva nezvitsaru vakapiwa: muchivanze vaviri makubhiti matatu. Kwekanguva, zvakavapo mu zvakafanana uye zvakasiyana-siyana munda kushandiswa. Vatengesi Russian vachiri kuita kugokora, dzimwe nyika chete - netepimezha. Zvishoma nezvishoma, yokupedzisira kuramba kushandiswa. First zvakatanga ukoshi hwayo, uye izvi pasinei nokuti iye vagara inokosha chairema yakayerwa mune zvokutengeserana.

Chimwe chikonzero iri chokuti haana nenhumbi akatengesa iri nyore wakamoneredzwa kugokora. The mamita uyere Mucheka chete yakanga zvikuru yamunenge. Uyezve, pasinei nhanho dzose enyika, kugokora mutengo yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo pakati vapemhi siyana. Izvi pakupedzisira zvakaita kuti kukura Kusagutsikana pakati yevagari. Somugumisiro, kubudikidza kuguma XVII remakore primordially Russian chikwata - kugokora - iri kusvika zvachose kushandiswa. Arshin aigarawo Russia kusvikira mukutanga ramakumi remakore, kana chitsva, pedyo European kuyerwa hurongwa wakatangwa.

A muchinangwa "hondo" uye Russian "wokumwe" dzakabatana vairidza uye mitemo - mutongi pamwe graduations anonzi emapuranga akacherekedza pavari. Kuti nokukurumidza vakatanga kuridza basa pachivanze. Inotevera pavaipfuura ayo mvumo muna Russia rinopembererwa panguva apo padiki diki uye padiki simbi Nenyaya Iyi ane chikwata chitsva. Uye kudzivirira kubiridzira vatengi (pakutanga mushambadzi ose nokuyera ayo chigadzirwa mutsetse - chete kuyeuka vachiti "ichizotongwa dzavo netepimezha"), hurumende akasuma vanonzi "yepamutemo netepimezha", kuti akanga ari kuguma chaiyo simbi rivets. Sezvingatarisirwa, kwakadaro nekuyera pakureba yakanga vasununguka pane kushandisa kugokora.

Matangiro uye zvinoreva Shoko "muchivanze" kuti hakuna kupiwa tsananguro yakajeka. Vamwe vaiti chitarisiko chake pamwe Turkic "Ar" ( "pasi"), mumwe - pamwe Persian "Arche" ( "kugokora"). Uyezve, vatsigiri wokutanga musimboti, zvinonzi akagumisa kuti kana netepimezha aigona chokuita kukura danho kwevanhu.

yaiitirwa ngano

Kwerinenge zana makore Russia pane hurongwa hutsva kuyera kureba, asi uchapupu kushandiswa vezvikwata yekare kazhinji kuwanika mifananidzo uye tsika nemabasa. Mukupera zvazvingava, hazvisi chete uchapupu nhau pakukura kwevanhu uye nyika yose, asi rudzi mitemo iyo rinobudiswa kwemazana emakore.

Somuenzaniso, imwe rinozivikanwa tsumo: "pacharo pamwe mbambo, uye ndebvu ne kugokora" rinoreva munhu ane asazivikanwa chimiro, asi pamwe zvinokosha simba munharaunda, aiwana kuburikidza mupfungwa, zvakawanda muupenyu, kana kungoti kutsigira munzanga. Midzi dudziro iyi anodzokera kune pre-Petrine nguva. Ipapo zvikuru zvakanaka achidzidziswa ndebvu raiva kuzvikudza avakuru. Ndokusaka, pashure pokurasikirwa pamusoro mirairo Peter Mukuru, boyars ndanyadziswa uye kutukwa. Ndiyo chairema urefu "kugokora" akatanga kushandiswa inotakurika, kureva nokukosha kwakatarwa.

Mumwe muenzaniso. Achiti: "Mune zvakaipa maoko chipikiri kugokora", iyo inorondedzera zvakakwana shanje uye anokara. Kana: "Kana iwe uti mbambo, uye retell kuti kugokora" - inenge runyerekupe zvakaipa kuti ane ehupfumi nani akakurumidza kupararira.

Gokora mune dzimwe nyika

chiyero hwakadaro kureba kushandiswa kwete chete muRussia. Nokuti vanhu vazhinji yave ichizivikanwa kubva kare (uye mune dzimwe nyika dzomuEurope nayo kushanda kusvikira pakutanga XIX remakore). Sezvo atova zvinogoneka zvokufungidzira kukosha kugokora zvakanga zvakasiyana munyika imwe neimwe. Zvinotevera tafura matanho dzakawanda kureba chikwata ichi chinogona kupiwa muenzaniso.

Kufanana Russia, pano, zvakare, pakanga kugokora mhando: guru, vaduku uye kunyange kaviri (99-99,6 cm) - Sumerian mambo Gudea pamusoro Lagash, izvo kushanda muna 22 remakore BC. e. Kazhinji vatengesi metered mamwe chinhu zvakafanana kana jira.

A kakasaririra kare kana yakakunakira kuzvipedza mutsetse?

Munguva yedu, zvisingachashandi zvinoreva shoko "kugokora" - chiyero urefu, Chokwadi, haasisina kushandiswa, uye kuziva nhoroondo yaro rinotova uchapupu njere nenhanho emunhu. Zvisinei, upenyu kazhinji pane nguva apo kukurumidza chimwe chinhu kuti kuyera, uye inotevera hakusi chinhu mutsetse, chero anonzi masendimita. Yakanga, uye unogona kubatsira richiparadzirwa munyika kure kare kuyerwa nevanhu. Vachagara kubatsira chikamu chechipiri kuona kukosha zvinhu zviduku. Kuti aite izvi, zvakatikwanira kuziva Somuenzaniso, chii chiri kukura daro pakati kwenguva thumbs uye forefinger (ichi Russian padiki yekare) kana noruoko maoko mativi (Centrifugal vakati vapfuura).

nyore kwazvo kudzidza uye zvino chii kugokora. The kure muromo yapakati nomunwe kusvikira kugokora - zviri nomumwe chiyero kureba yenyu.