Fullerene - chii ichi? Properties uye kushanda kunoita fullerenes

Molecular allotropic chimiro kabhoni kana ayo nadzurudzo, fullerene, - refu mutsetse C _{N (>} 20 _n) mabhomba masumbu, izvo akadzivira convex polyhedra yakavakwa kabhoni maatomu uye kuva pentagonal kana hexagonal zviso (pano pane mashoma chaizvo Kakawanda). Carbon maatomu ari unsubstituted fullerenes sevanonyanya sp ² -Hybrid hurumende ine Kufambisa dzinoverengeka 3. Saizvozvo vakaumba idenderedzwa Conjugate unsaturated hurongwa maererano Valence chisungo dzidziso.

tsananguro mukuru

Chinonyanya thermodynamically kugadzikana pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu muchimiro kabhoni - graphite, iyo sokunge murwi wemagazini kashoma chokuita mumwe graphene machira: munhu sandara yekamuri, rine masero hexagonal, apo vertices - kabhoni maatomu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo chokuita nawo maatomu matatu, uye Valence chechina Erekitironi anoumba munhu Pi-hurongwa. Saka, fullerene - chaizvoizvo samolecular chimiro ichi, kureva mufananidzo sp ² -Hybrid mamiriro iri pachena. Kana isu tanga ari graphene jira geometrical zvikanganiso kunotozongoita anoumba munhu namahwindo marongerwo. Somuenzaniso, urema kwakadaro shanu-membered zvindori (pentagonal zviso), zvakangofanana, pamwe zvakafanana hexagonal kabhoni kemisitiri.

Euler kwakaita theorem no inoti kuti pagadzirwe nzvimbo namahwindo polyhedron pamwe vertices trohkoordinirovannymi zvinogoneka kana isu kuzozivisa gumi pentagons, zvisinei uwandu hexagonal zviso. Nokudaro, shoma ukuru fullerene - iri pamutemo C ₂₀ dodecahedron. Zvisinei curvature zvivako zvakafanana, kuva vashoma kabhoni maatomu zvakakwirira, uye saka kuti SP ² -Hybrid mamiriro hakusi zvakanaka chaizvo, sezvo kabhoni anoda planar Kufambisa. Ndicho chikonzero duku zvayo yakachena muchimiro akawana fullerene - iri C _60, ane sechivako truncated dzose icosahedron. Mariri hexagonal zviso vanoparadzaniswa mumwe dzose pentagonal. Fullerene Chemistry anodana chokwadi iri kwayo yoga nePentagon kutonga, uye zviri pasi munhu here nyore fullerene.

fomura

Gidrantirovanny runotaurwa C ₆₀ fullerene (C ₆₀ HyFn). Izvi yakasimba hydrophilic supramolecular kunzwisisa, chine rimwe morekuru zviri fullerene C ₆₀ rokutanga goko the hydrant maviri nezvina mvura mamorekuru. Ndiyo fullerene ane nzira - C ₆₀ (H ₂ O) _24. Inoitwa maviri hexagons uye gumi pentagons, akafanana kunze bhora. Uyezve, vakawanda fullerene C zvokuwedzera ₇₀ sezvo zvenguva zvivako, iyo yaizova vose pentagons vari kure, haako. Sezvo C ₇₈ fullerene mamiriro kunoita kuchengeta igadzikane isomers inoverengeka mumwe kabhoni marangwanda. Tichingotarisa zvinokwanisika kuti pane fullerenes pamwe kabhoni maatomu upi kunyange nhamba, "fullerenes yepamusoro".

Kugadzirira fullerenes nokuda chinhu chakakombama kunoitika kakawanda kana Erekitironi-danda nzira uye Laser kwemvura kuti graphite ari nehelium mhepo. Chin'ai, iyo condenses pamusoro pemvura reactor, ikarapwa mu refluxing benzene, toluene, xylene kana zvimwe zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. The inotoda Ipwa, pova dema condensate, gumi kusvika gumi muzana zvinosanganisira C ₇₀ uye C ₆₀ fullerenes uyewo uwandu dzakakwirira fullerenes chaizvo duku.

The reshiyo pakati akasiyana furellenami dzingasiyana, zvichienderana kwetunhu parameters, asi yemanyorero ₆₀ C rikunde, zviri kakawanda zvikuru. Rinonyanya soro C _78, C ₇₆ uye C _84. In mukuru mufananidzo pane kuderera munyika inorwara fullerene kwetunhu zvigadzirwa zvose. Izvi wakakodzera, kazhinji, ane pasi ndingangokuvara vanoungana guru Zvivako masumbu maduku pakutanga Ipwa.

Water ine fullerenes

Rakajairika uye dzakawanda kudzidza ndiko C _60, apo mumwe morekuru nefuma chaizvoizvo mvura mamorekuru maviri nezvina. Izvi fullerene Morekuru ane mukuru symmetry, apo vose maatomu vari noenderana. Its idenderedzwa chimiro ndiyo chinhambwe kubva pakati maatomu nuclei kuti anenge 0.36 nm uye nharaunda dzinenge 0.5 nm. Anoumba samolecular sekristaro umo mamorekuru cubic yekamuri chiso zvakatinakira, vatatu-rukoko densest idenderedzwa chiputiriso. Panguva yakakwirira tembiricha, ₆₀ C sublimes pasina wezvamatongerwe mvura danho. Kupfuura zvose izvozvo unoparara mune anonhuhwirira zvinhu zviri mhando kabhoni disulfide zvokufembedzwa, uye polar - zviipe. An elongated ellipsoidal chimiro ₇₀ C, uyewo dzakakwirira fullerenes ane utano ehupfumi chaizvo rakafanana C _60.

Uye mumunda wekemisitiri ivo zvikuru rupo uye kupa mukana wose kuti makirasi avo akasiyana nomukaka: Metallofullerenes, heterofullerene. Mhuri mishonga dzakapfuma zvose ekzoendralnogo (outer-) Panyaya, nokuti mumwe kabhoni atomu - iripo kuita nzvimbo. Ndivo ehupfumi kuti fullerenes. Vari vakabatana nokusika zvinhu zvitsva, halogen maatomu uye rehydrogen, makemikari radicals, chavanopinda kunyange zvinogara zvinogona kuitika. Saka kuwana polymer zvinhu ane fullerenes Multigrade akakura. ₆₀ K C anobatana kuti makumi mana namasere substituents pasina kuparadza kabhoni marangwanda. Saka, somuenzaniso, yaunganidzwa C ₆₀ F _48, uye vakawanda yeimwe dzakadaro kushandiswa, sezvamakaropafadzwa nheyo dziri fullerenes.

kunyoresa

Vanenge fullerenes vanofarira munzvimbo dzakasiyana zvachose. Tichifunga zvavo zvemagetsi zvivako vanogona kunzi kwavari nomukaka zvavo sezvo semiconductors. Fullerenes nyore rishandise UV nemwaranzi, vane yakakwirira Erekitironi-dzirege kugona. zvivako izvi zvinoita kuti aashandise ari photovoltaic, photoelectric sensors, inoshandisa simba rezuva mano siyana samolecular Electronics. Fullerenes vari kushandiswa somushonga antiviral uye inorwisa utachiona nevasori, sevamiriri mu photodynamic kurapa uye m. P.

Modern ruzivo vakabvumira tichishandisa kukurumidza kuwedzera uwandu vezvikwata kuti zvakawanda fullerenes vari zvakare nani uye rikurumidze kushanda nzira kunorapwa kwavo. Ndokusaka mari Somuenzaniso, C ₆₀ yadzikira substantially mumakore gumi apfuura nehafu (pamwe zviuru gumi gumi kusvika gumi emadhora muzana giremu). Zvino tatarisana ezvinhu apo kuti chaicho maindasitiri mafomu uye fullerenes ruchawira munhu. Kushandiswa wavo ari kukura uye kuwedzera zuva nezuva.

Nokuti mashoko pamusoro buri

Fullerenes mazita akakurumbira mapurani uye injiniya Richarda Bakminstera Fullera, uyo nemhaka mamiriro avo akazogadzira geodesic marongerwo. Pakutanga, boka iri yeimwe ari kungogumira mamiriro chaisanganisira chete matanhatu uye pentagonal zviso. Kana Kuronga fullerene Morekuru kuwedzera kabhoni maatomu varipo siyana zvine maatomu akafanana, uye vari riri mukati kabhoni marangwanda, avo vakadamwa endohedral fullerenes. Kana maatomu evamwe zvinhu dziri kunze fullerenes vari kuwana exohedrally. mazita avo, ichi samolecular chimiro haana chaizvo kare - muna 1985, apo boka vaongorori akaita tisingatarisiri kuwanikwa fullerene. Small, Kroto, Curl uye dzimwe mishonga vakadzidza graphite nomwe dzakanga yaunganidzwa Laser ablation (irradiation) hwakasimba. nenhongonya vaakawana chaiva maximal amplitude chaienzanirana masumbu makumi matanhatu uye manomwe kabhoni maatomu.

Saka isu nokuenzanisa Morekuru C ₆₀ uye C _70, uyewo pfungwa yokuti yokutanga Morekuru ichavakwamo chimiro truncated icosahedron. Ndicho inonyanya C ₆₀ ainzi bakminsterfullerenom uye navamwe Morekuru - chete fullerenes.

Masayendisiti-mishonga vari ainyatsoziva mapurani uye akarangarira Fuller, wakavaka rising pamusoro zvivakwa saka - pentagons, hexagons kudzidya, kuti ndiyo nheyo nemamiriro samolecular marangwanda ose zvachose vose fullerenes. Zvisinei, izvi ndizvo - nyaya zvinonakidza, uye kwete asina nhoroondo anonakidza. On mukana chokuvapo mamorekuru akadaro zvishoma apfuura zvakanyorwa Japan (1971), uye yokungotaura hwaro rwaiwanikwa uye yakabudiswa USSR (1973). Kunyange zvakadaro, izvozvo Kroto, Curl uye Small akagamuchira Nobel Prize muna kemisitiri.

Nature rwokugadzira

Preparation rakachena fullerene zvinogoneka kuburikidza chakagadzirwa kwetunhu. yeimwe izvi ndichitaura kuzviita akadzidza munyika dzakasiyana, kuisa mamiriro pasi iyo inotungamirwa yavo kunoitika, uye anonzi fullerene marongerwo uye dzavo zvivako. munda An kuwedzera kukura chikumbiro. It Vakawana kuti inokosha mari fullerenes zviri chin'ai, iyo yakaumbwa pasi graphite electrodes iri chinhu chakakombama buditsa. Kwekutanga chokwadi ichi nyore vatsakatika.

Kana fullerenes zvakabudiswa pasi Murabhoritari ezvinhu, carbon mamorekuru uye akatanga kuonekwa zvakasikwa. In yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia, takawana navo shungites ivhu, India uye United States - mu furulgitah. Uyewo vakawanda uye kazhinji kabhoni mamorekuru mu meteorites uye sediments nechepasi, izvo zvisiri asingasviki makumi matanhatu namashanu mamiriyoni makore. Pasi fullerenes wakachena inogona kuumbwa kubva mheni uye combustion rwokuzvarwa gasi. mimwe Air vatora Mediterranean, vave akadzidza muna 2011, uye vakawana kuti ivhu zvose akatorwa - kubva Istanbul kusvikira Barcelona - pane fullerene. ehupfumi zvokunyama fuma kuti kwatangwa inotungamirwa. Uyewo uwandu nayo hombe inowanika nzvimbo - uye gaseous mamiriro, uye yakasimba chimiro.

kwetunhu

The kuedza woga pamusoro fullerenes yokutanga yakaitika kuburikidza yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa vapor pamusoro graphite, yakanga yaunganidzwa irradiation pamusoro Laser irradiation zvokufonongonwa graphite ivhu. Kuendesa chete kungoda fullerenes. Chete muna 1990 ne mishonga Huffman, Gwayana uye Kretschmer muitiro mutsva kugadzirwa fullerenes mu giremu akawanda. It kwaisanganisira kutsva graphite electrodes kubudikidza yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama mu pave nehelium uye pasi pasi kuvafurira. Ko Kuparara ari anode uye kamuri masvingo akazviratidza chin'ai chine fullerenes.

Uyezve, chin'ai iri zvazvichanyungudutswa toluene kana benzene, uye kunoguma mhinduro akamira magiramu wakachena mamorekuru C ₇₀ uye C _60. Ratio - 1: 3. Uyezve, mhinduro Kunoumbwa inorema uye vaviri muzana yepamusoro hurongwa fullerenes. Zvino zvakanga nyore: kusarudza Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri parameters kuti evaporating - the anoumba chadenga, kufurirwa, electrode dhayamita, ano uye zvichingodaro, kuti awane kunonyanyisa zvibereko fullerenes. Vakanga kusvika vanenge gumi muzana chaiko anode zvinhu. Ndokusaka fullerenes zvinodhura ndizvo.

kugadzirwa

Kuedza All kune experimental masayendisiti pakutanga vakanga pasina inobereka uye isingadhuri nzira kubudisa fullerenes vari. Kana unopfuta murazvo Mahydrocarbon kana makemikari usage havana kubudirira. yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama nzira kwave kwazvo zvibereko, kunoita kuti kugamuchira anenge mumwe giremu pamusoro fullerenes paawa. The kambani Mitsubishi yava muitiro mukugadzira ari combustion pamusoro Mahydrocarbon, asi havasi akachena fullerenes - dzine okisijeni mamorekuru. Uye saka kure zvazvinosarira kujeka kuti mashandiro kuti paumbwe fuma ichi, nokuti chinhu chakakombama pezvakaitwa dzinotsauka chaizvo kubva thermodynamic nemaonero, uye zvakasimba kuchititadzisa nokuongorora dzidziso. Chete husingarambiki hwokuti anounganidza nomumwe fullerene kabhoni maatomu, i.e. C ₂ zvimedu. Zvisinei, zvakajeka mufananidzo paumbwe fuma iyi haina kuumbwa.

Kurasikirwa fullerene akatsunga kwete chete goho shoma kana kupiswa. Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, kucheneswa, kupatsanurwa fullerenes akasiyana pavazhinjisa chin'ai - azvaiitwa zvose zviri zvikuru kunzwisisa. Kunyanya nezvezvitadzo kuparadzanisa musanganiswa kupinda yoga samolecular zvikamu zviduku, ayo dzaidzidziswa mvura Mbiru chromatography uye yakakwirira kuvafurira. Pakupedzisira padariro solvent residues vanobviswa kubva kare rakasimba fullerene. achengeterwe mharidzo iri pasi simba Vacuum ari tembiricha anosvika mazana maviri namakumi mashanu madhigirii. Asi kunakisa ndechokuti panguva kukura fullerene C ₆₀ uye kurigamuchira mu macroscopic akawanda kare makemikari kemisitiri rakura yakazvimirira bazi - the kemisitiri pamusoro fullerenes, razova kusimba dzakakurumbira.

kubatsira

Fullerene nomukaka zvinoshandiswa muminda zvigadzirwa siyana. AKAITA uye fullerene crystals - semiconductor ane photoconductivity pasi Manyiminya irradiation. Crystals C _60, kana doped emaatomu ezvinhu alkaline nesimbi, achichinja kumamiriro ezvinhu superconductivity. fullerene mhinduro vane nonlinear Manyiminya zvivako, uye saka zvinogona kushandiswa sezvo hwaro Manyiminya utorwe kuti zvinodiwa kudzivirirwa zvikuru nemwaranzi. Uyewo fullerene aishandiswa anowedzera madhaimani usage. Fullerenes vari zvinowanzoshandiswa biology uye mushonga. It inoshandisa ehupfumi zvitatu mamorekuru izvi: kusarudza lipophilicity membranotropnyh, elektronodefitsit achipa kugona kudyidzana pamwe vakasununguka radicals asiwo kukwanisa kubvisa okisijeni Morekuru kwakajairika yavo vachifara ehurumende uye kutsausa yakachena singlet.

Kwakadaro reactive zvinhu kurwisa Biomolecules: nucleic acids, mapurotini, lipids. Reactive okisijeni marudzi zvinoshandiswa photodynamic kurapa nokuda kenza kurapwa. ropa murwere hunosumwa photosensitizers, generating reactive okisijeni marudzi - chaizvoizvo fullerenes kana nomukaka dzaro. Ropa riyerere munzira bundu iri kurukutika pane vane munyama, uye nekuti photosensitizers kuunganidza mariri, uye mushure irradiation vatungamirire Morekuru vari inovapo pamusana generating reactive okisijeni marudzi. Masero kenza kushushikana apoptosis, uye bundu raparadzwa. Kuwedzera kune izvozvo - fullerenes vane antioxidant zvivako uye musungo reactive okisijeni marudzi.

Fullerene lowers HIV integrase basa, imwe puroteni kuti ndiye anokonzera kusangana kweutachiwana kupinda DNA kuburikidza kuwadzana nazvo kuchinja conformation nokunyima naye aparadze huru basa. Vamwe fullerene nomukaka anosangana zvakananga DNA uye tunodzivisa kuita restiktaz.

More pamusoro mushonga

Muna 2007, mvura-soluble fullerenes akatanga kushandiswa achidya navo sezvo antiallergic nevamiririri. Studies yaiitwa kwevanhu ropa uye masero kuti vakambonzwa fullerene nomukaka - C60 (mambure) X uye C60 (OH) x. In kwakaita zvipenyu - mbeva - zvaibuda zvakanaka.

Nechekare, mumwe fuma yaishandiswa zvinodhaka pakukurukura Vector, nokuti mvura ine fullerenes (yeuka hydrophobicity C ₆₀₎ chinopinda sero Kamudzira zviri nyore chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, erythropoietin - itsvo kemikari akapinda zvakananga kupinda muropa, riri akafumuka mu inokosha mari, uye kana rinoshandiswa pamwe fullerenes, wevasungwa inowedzerawo kupfuura kaviri, rikawira nekuti kupinda muchitokisi.