Fahrenheit chikamu uye mamwe mazinga ekushisa

Enzanisa kutonhora kwevanhu vakadzidza makore 400 apfuura. Asi zvigadzirwa zvokutanga, zvinoratidzira zvemazuva ano zvinonzi thermometers, zvakaonekwa muzana remakore rechigumi chete. Muvambi wekutanga ye thermometer aiva musayendisiti Gabriel Fahrenheit. Zvose, zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushisa zviyero zvakaumbwa munyika, dzimwe dzazvo dzaive dzakakurumbira uye dzichiri kushandiswa, dzimwe dzikazove dzisina kushanda.

Kupisa kwemazinga zviyero zvehutano hunhu hunogona kuenzaniswa kune umwe neumwe. Sezvo kutonhora hakusi kwezvinhu zvinokosha zvinogona kuenzaniswa zvakakwana, kukosha kwayo kunosanganiswa nekushandurwa kwekushisa kwezvinhu (semuenzaniso, mvura). Pamusoro pemakero ose ekushisa, sekutonga, pfungwa mbiri dzakagadziriswa, dzinofananidzwa nekushisa kwekushanduka kwezvinhu zvakasarudzwa zve thermometric muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Izvi ndizvo zvinonzi zvinotsanangurwa. Mienzaniso yezvinongororwa zvinoshandiswa pamvura yekubikira, pfungwa yekuoma kwegoridhe, nezvimwewo. Rimwe remashoko rinotorwa sechinhu chaicho. Nharaunda pakati pavo yakakamurwa kuva nhamba dzakaenzana dzezvikamu, izvo zvisina kurohwa. A unit of temperatures is universally accepted one degree.

Inonyanya kuzivikanwa uye inonyanya kushandiswa mumamiriro ekushisa enyika - chiyero cheCelsius neFahrenheit. Zvisinei, chimbofunga kuitira kuti zviyero zviripo uye edza kuzvienzanisa maererano nekushanda kwekushandiswa uye kushandiswa kwakashandiswa. Zvikamu zvakakurumbira zvikuru ndezvishanu:

1. Fahrenheit scale yakagadzirwa naFahrenheit, musayendisiti weGermany. Mune imwe nguva yechando yemazuva e 1709, mercury mu thermometer yemasayendisiti yakadzika kusvika kunzvimbo yakadzika yekupisa, iyo yaakasarudza kutora se zero pane imwe nhamba. Imwe tsanangudzo ndiyo yaiva yekupisa kwemuviri womunhu. Nzvimbo inotonhora yemvura pachiyero chayo iri + 32 °, uye nendiro yekubikira + 212 °. Fahrenheit chikamu hachisi kunyanya kufunga uye zviri nyore. Kare, yakashandiswa zvikuru mumitauro inotaura chiChirungu, ikozvino-inenge iri muUnited States chete.

2. Pamuenzaniso weReaumur, yakagadzirwa nemusayendisiti wechiFrance Rene de Reaumur muna 1731, nzvimbo yakaderera nzvimbo yekufungidzira ndiyo nzvimbo inosvibisa mvura. Nhamba yacho inobva pakushandisa doro, iyo inowedzera apo inopisa, kwechidimbu chikamu chimwe chikamu cheyoro doro mumugodhi uye tube pane zero yakagamuchirwa. Iye zvino chiyero ichi hachina kushandiswa.

3. Pachiyero cheCelsius (chakasarudzwa neSwede Anders Celsius muna 1742), kutonhora kwechikamu chechando nemvura (kutonhora apo ice inoputika) inotorwa se zero, imwe pfungwa huru ndiyo inotonhora iyo mvura inopisa. Nharaunda pakati pavo yakasarudzwa kugoverwa muzvikamu zana, uye chikamu chimwe chinotorwa kuti chiyero chekuyera - dhigirii Celsius. Ichi chiyero chinonyanya kururamisa kupfuura Fahrenheit chikamu uye Reaumur chikamu, uye ikozvino iko kushandiswa pasi rose.

4. Chikamu cheK Kelvin chakaumbwa muna 1848 naIshe Kelvin (scientists weChirungu W. Thomson). Pamusoro pacho, nheyo ye zero yakaenderana nechepamusoro-soro yekushisa kunogona kushandiswa nemakemikoro echinhu ichi. Iyi kukosha yaive yakaverengwa zvinyorwa mukudzidza kwezvinhu zvegasi. Pamwero weCelsius, kukosha uku kunofananidzwa ne-273 ° C, kureva, Zero Celsius yakaenzana ne 273 K. Chikwata chekuyera kwechirongwa chitsva chaiva kelvin (pakutanga yainzi "Kelvin degree").

5. Chikoro che Rankin (chinonzi mushure mekuchikoro cheScotland W. Rankin) chiine chirevo chakafanana neshamba reK Kelvin, uye chiyero chakafanana neFahrenheit. Iri sangano harina kupararira.

Mafuta ekushisa ayo Fahrenheit neCelsius scale anotipa zvinogona kuendeswa kune umwe neumwe nyore nyore. Paanoshandura "mupfungwa" (kureva, nokukurumidza, pasina kushandisa mahwendefa chaiwo) eFahrenheit maanero ma2 degrees, chimiro chepakutanga chinofanira kuderedzwa nemakamuri 32 uye ichiwedzerwa ne5 / 9. Nechekusiyana (kubva kune Celsius scale muFahrenheit) - wedzera kukosha kwepakutanga ne 9/5 uye kuwedzera 32. Kuenzanisa: zero yakakwana yekushisa mu Celsius is 273.15 °, Fahrenheit 459.67 °.