Expressionism mumabhuku: tsanangudzo, zvinokosha features, vanyori Expressionists

Zvinoshamisa chains-garde nhungamiro, expressionism, dzakatangira nepakati-90s remakore rechi19. The tateguru rokuti ichaongororwa kuva muvambi magazini "Storm" - H. Walden.

Vaongorori expressionism vanodavira kuti zvakajeka zvikuru anotaurwa mabhuku. Kunyange pasina zvishoma mavara expressionism richiratidzwa chivezwa, mufananidzo uye kupenda.

The itsva manyorerwo uye mutsva kuitira nyika

With kuchinja ruzhinji uye munzanga hurongwa kwezana remakore rechi20, maiva mirayiridzo mutsva unyanzvi, mafirimu uye mumhanzi upenyu. Handina kumirira uye expressionism mune mabhuku. Kutsanangura mirayiridzo iyi hazvina kushanda kunze. Asi mabhuku expressionism tsanangura sei mikuru inofa yakashatiswa mumufambiro rates kuitika kukura kuumbwa zviri modernist kuitika muEurope kubva muzana remakore rapfuura.

Achitaura expressionism, dzinenge nguva dzose okugadzirisa German. The yakakwirira ichi kuitika anonzi zvibereko okugadzira zvinhu zviri "Prague chikoro" (chiGerman). Chaiva K. Čapek, P. Adler, L. Perutz, F. Kafka nevamwe. With musiyano guru iri okusika zviruva vanyori izvi akabatanidza yavo kufarira ezvinhu penga, idiotically claustrophobia, rakavanzika inoshamisa hope hallucinogenic. MuRussia, ichi muitiro yakataurwa L. Andreev uye E. Zamyatin

Vanyori vakawanda akafuridzirwa romanticism kana Baroque. Asi kunyanya yakadzama kwaiitika Chirevo German uye French (kunyanya C. Baudelaire uye Rimbaud) kunzwa expressionism mumabhuku. Mienzaniso mabasa upi munyori muteveri dzinoratidza kuti kuteerera zviri muupenyu kunoitika kuburikidza pakutanga upenyu kwouzivi. Anozivikanwa sirogani vateveri expressionism - "Hapana ibwe rinooma, uye mutemo regiravhiti."

pathos ouprofita yokusafa Georg Heym, akava kucherechedzwa kuchiitwa nezvaiitwa pakutanga Expressionism sezvo sangano. Vaverengi ake mundima "Kuuya kufa kwazvo ..." uye "Hondo" kunzwisisa uprofita Kufembera nezvedambudziko njodzi muEurope.

YeAustria exponent kuti expressionist Georg Trakl pamwe zvikuru Huchidetemba nhaka duku akava vakasimudzira zvikuru zvose-mutauro wokuGermany nhetembo. In Trakl nhetembo vakanga yokufananidzira yakaoma mifananidzo, tsaona maererano pokuwa murayiro nyika uye kwakadzika mupfungwa kukwana.

Expressionism Dawn akauya mumakore 1914-1924. Yaiva Franz Werfel, Albert Ehrenstein, Gottfried Benn nevamwe vane makuru nezvinhu panguva fronts mu hwakasimba nechokwadi pacifist zvitendero. Izvi Muitiro zviri zvikuru kunoratidzwa mabasa Kurt Hiller. Enhetembo expressionism mumabhuku, chikuru zviri izvo akatapa mutambo uye prose nokukurumidza, zvakaguma yakakurumbira Anthology rinoti kuti "The Twilight Vevanhu", yakabuda muruvazhe muverengi muna 1919.

A Uzivi itsva

Huru kwouzivi uye aesthetic pfungwa vateveri expressionists rakatorwa kubva "yakanaka chaizvo" - Pfungwa ruzivo pamusoro Husserl, uye pamusoro kuziva kunzwisisa "guvhu wenyika" Bergson munyika ino rake "upenyu" budiriro. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ino anokwanisa kukurira obduracy nyaya kwouzivi munzvimbo kusingachamisiki karwizi yemhindumupindu.

Ndokusaka Expressionism mumabhuku hunoratidzika Nonfictional manzwisisire chaicho sechinhu "chinangwa maonero".

Mashoko okuti "chinangwa maonero" rinobva dzenhoroondo mabasa uzivi German uye raireva omumwe chokwadi pamwe cartographic zvakarurama. Naizvozvo, kuti vauye kuva "yakanaka masangano" munyika, zvakakodzera kamwe zvakare kuti kudzivisa zvinhu zvokunamata.

pfungwa Izvi chaizvo rakafanana Pfungwa pfungwa Symbolists, apo expressionism mumabhuku chinotarisa Bergson kuti intuitionism uye saka kutsvaka pfungwa yokuva muupenyu uye musoro. Upenyu budiriro uye rakadzika pfungwa intuitively akazivisa revane chombo iri rapprochement pamwe mumudzimu yepasi pose chokwadi. Panyaya iyi, kuti expressionists vaitaura kuti zvinhu nyika (kureva kwokunze nyika) haazombotaurwi wake pachake muchiyeverwa uye kusimba pedyo achiva mhinduro emakore-kare "chakavanzika" upenyu.

Expressionism mumabhuku ari rechi20 remakore zvakajeka vakasiyana dzenzvimbo Surrealism uye Cubism kuti hwakura mu zvakafanana. Pathos, uye, socio-dzinonetsa, zvichiita kunobatsira musiyano mabasa expressionists. Vazere kutsutsumwa pamusoro weboka vanhu kupinda munzanga uye hondo kuzorwa harried wenyama pachena nemasangano uye magariro. Dzimwe nguva expressionist vanyori zvinobudirira anokwevera mufananidzo echimurenga gamba, vachiratidza simba kwazvo manzwiro, achiratidza usingaonekwi eerie kutya kupesaniswa yokuva risingadzivisiki.

nyika kuti dambudziko sezvo vari kwakunoitwa mabasa Expressionists pachavo sezvo huru che Zvakazarurwa, iro zvinofamba panguva chaizvo kumhanya, uye anovimbisa richawira vanhu uye zvisikwa.

pfungwa chidzoke

Expressionism mumabhuku rinozivisa chikumbiro neUniversal hunhu hwacho. Izvi ndizvo zvinoda voga zvidavado: zvakakodzera kudzidzisa, kurayira uye kuzivisa. Chete nenzira iyi, nokusvika kubvisa tsika pragmatic uye pfungwa, vateveri expressionism akaedza kusunungura nomumwe bope pakati kufungidzira, aikanganiswa kudzamisa uye kusimbisa kukwezvana yose chakavanzika.

Pamwe ndosaka Expressionism akatora kwayakatangira kubva kuwadzana neboka nenyanzvi.

Vanyori mutsika vanodavira kuti gore kwakabva expressionism - 1905 ndipo. Kuti gore rakanga mubatanidzwa dzakafanana vanhu vari German kuDresden, rimwe boka vanozviti "The Bridge". Under varo unga mapurani vadzidzi: Otto Müller, Erich Heckel, Ernst Kirchner, Emil Nolde, etc. pakazotanga 1911, ndizvo pacharo mashoko kunozivikanwa bhendi "Blue Rider" .. Chaiva zvikuru Artists chepakuvamba ramakumi remakore: Franz Marc . August Macke, Paul clover, Wassily Kandinsky nevamwe Group yakabudisa eponymous almanac kuna March 1912, rinotaura matsva ivhu okusika kuchikoro chitsva, akagadzira zvinangwa uye kumisa gwara ravo.

Vamiririri expressionism mumagazini mabhuku akavhara pahwaro "Aktion" ( "Action"). nyaya yakatanga kubudiswa muna Berlin mukutanga 1911. Rakanga akapindwa vadetembi uye kwete asi inonyatsozivikanwa playwrights, asi vapanduki inopenya mirayiridzo iyi: E. Toller, Frank L., J. naBhekeri nevamwe.

Features mamwe mavara expressionism chete akazviratidza mumabhuku German, yeAustria uye Russian. French Expressionists akapa nyanduri Perom Garne.

nyanduri Expressionist

Nyanduri uyu muitiro angosimuka mashandiro "Orpheus." Kureva, anofanira kuva n'anga, uyo, kutambura kusateerera mapfupa nyaya anouya mukati musimboti zviri kuitika zvechokwadi. Chinhu chikuru kuti nyanduri - musimboti akazviratidza pakutanga, uye kwete kutanga chaiyo pacharo.

Saka - ichi ndicho chikuru vanhu vakaderera, repamusoro kirasi. Hazvifaniri kutora chikamu mune "zvenyika revanhu." Uye pragmatism uye isingateereri mitemo inofanira kurasikirwa zvachose. Ndokusaka, sezvo havaoni kuti expressionism aifunga saka zviri nyore kuita yezvisikwa clamping vibration "akanaka masangano".

Chete vateveri chitendero anonamatwa Chiito okugadzira zvinhu expressionism inonzi chete nzira yechokwadi yokugadziridza zvinhu nyika uye rokumukunda.

Kubva ichi zvinoreva kuti chokwadi chiri pamusoro kunaka. Secret, muchivande ruzivo expressionist Nhamba akapfeka imwe putika expansiveness kuti akasika nenjere sokunge Kudhakwa kana zvisipo.

rokusika kwazvo

Itai kuti nyanzvi mune mirayiridzo iyi - ndiko kuti asike ounyanzvi vachingotya zvikuru subjectivity, iyo inobva mumamiriro kwazvo, improvisation uye unochinja mwoyo Nyanduri.

Expressionism mumabhuku - haisi kuongororwa, ndiye aishanda nesimba uye kudzikama fungidziro, hazvina chinhu kufungisisa uye vanofara chiratidzo mifananidzo.

Expressionist German, ayo theorist uye mumwe vatungamiri Casimir Edshmid aidavira kuti nyanduri wechokwadi unoratidza uye hazviratidzi chokwadi. Naizvozvo, sezvo zvakaguma mabhuku mabasa sezvinoita expressionism dzinokonzerwa cardiac zvairatidza uye chinhu nokuda aesthetic rinofadza mweya. Expressionists kwete mutoro pachavo vane hanya yokunatswa akaratidza fomu.

Pfungwa ukoshi romubati okuti ndiwo mutauro expressionist kusarurama, uye kazhinji zvokufananidzira, iro rinowanikwa somugumisiro yomusango hyperbolism uye hondo kugara pamwe kuramba nyaya. kukanganisa kwakadaro kwete chete inokanganisa kwokunze zviri munyika. Rinopa zvinotyisa uye unoshamisa zvokufananidzira akasika mifananidzo.

Uye pano zvinova pachena kuti huru chinangwa expressionism - vavakezve kwevanhu munharaunda uye kuti vabatane pamwe muchadenga.

"Expressionist gumi" iri-mutauro wokuGermany mabhuku

MuGermany, sezvo dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope, expressionism yakabuda mushure chisimba kuchinja munzvimbo uye magariro mabhora, akaita kwakavhundutsa nyika iri gumi rokupedzisira remakore rokutanga. Negore German uye tsika mabhuku expressionism aiva unoshamisa chakajairika 10 kusvika '20 remakore rechimakumi maviri.

Expressionism mumabhuku German yaiva mhinduro zvinetso intelligentsia, vaivhomora First World War, hwaNovember Revolutionary Movement muGermany uye sapakuparadzwa ari Tsarist hurumende kuRussia muna October. nyika yekare yakaparadzwa uye matongo ayo kuonekwa itsva. Writers, kwakaitika pamberi tishandurwe ichi, acutely akanzwa kukundikana yaivapo kurongeka uye panguva imwe nhamo uye unenforceability chero mberi itsva iri muvanhu itsva.

expressionism German akanga akapfeka inopenya, vanopandukira, protivoburzhuazny hunhu. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, pachena zvinokanganiswa ari capitalist ezvinhu, expressionist buritsa akapa pachinzvimbo, ndiko kujeka, husingaoneki uye musoro magariro uye enyika Chirongwa anogona ndiponesezve mweya vanhu.

Regai kunyatsonzwisisa dzematongerwe enyika proletariat, ivo Expressionists vaitenda kuuya pakuguma hurongwa nyika. Kuparadzwa vanhu uye Kusaona njodzi - nechepakati yemisoro expressionist Nguva World War First. Kunyanya zvakajeka inogona kuonekwa mashoko orwiyo G. Trakl, Heym G. uye F. Werfel. J. Van Goddis sei zviitiko munyika uye nyika, ndima, "The pakuguma kwenyika." Uye kunyange satirical dzinoratidza kunoshamisa mamiriro (Karl Kraus, "Mazuva Okupedzisira Vevanhu").

Aesthetic zvinangwa zviri expressionism inounganidzwa pasi bapiro yakasiyana chaizvo werudzii unyanzvi, vanofarira uye nenheyo enyika nevanyori kubva F. Wolf uye J. naBhekeri, vava dzematongerwe enyika echimurenga kuchinja kwenzanga, kuna Mr. Great, akazova nyanduri ari muruvazhe Third Reich.

Franz Kafka - kureva expressionism

Frantsa Kafku anzi anofanana expressionism. kutenda kwake kuti murume anogara munyika iri utsinye kwaari zvachose, vanhu havagoni kukurira kukushorai wake masangano, uye ndizvo zvinoita kuti tifare hazvibviri, ndiyo huru Expressionist pfungwa mumabhuku yeChina.

Munyori anotenda kuti pane chikonzero chokuva netariro muna wacho uye saka ngaparege upenyu maonero. Zvisinei, mune mabasa Kafka akaedza kuwana chinhu kusachinjika, "chiedza" kana "chaizvoizvo".

Munyori akakurumbira "muitiro" iri saka anonzi nenyonganyonga. Nyika vakamukomberedza eerily kutyisa. Franz Kafka akatya zvakasikwa, iro kare vaiva vanhu. kuvhiringidzika kwake uye kutya nyore kunzwisisa: vanhu, ndivo vakakunda hunhu, kugona kubata ukama pakati pavo. Mukuwedzera, ivo vakarwa uye vakauraya mumwe kunze, akaparadza misha uye nyika, uye haana kubvumira mumwe kufara.

Kubva Nguva ngano yaigara muvambi remakore rechimakumi maviri ngano venyika dzakaparadzaniswa angasvika 35 emakore yebudiriro. Ngano Kafka vakazadzwa nokutya, kuora mwoyo uye tariro. Mugumo womunhu usati vaiva ne munhu pachake, asi vamwe otherworldly simba, uye zviri nyore vakaparadzaniswa kubva murume pachake.

Murume anotenda munyori, - kusikwa mumagariro (zvimwe hahungangovi), asi riri kuumbwa mudziyo paruzhinji zvachose hunokanganisa hunhu hwevanhu.

Expressionism mumabhuku remakore rechi20 mukutarisana Kafka anonzwisisa uye anoona munjodzi uye kwekurarama womunhu kuumbwa naro uye handichisiri kudzora mumagariro nemagariro masangano. The chinoratidza pachena: pakarepo munhu anowira pasi mugumisiro (kudzivirirwa pasina kuva zvakanaka!), Kana ivo pakarepo vava kufarira vanhu "wokumwe", iro Vanotungamira kujeka uye harwuzivi mauto erima. Murume pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu munzanga uye pamagariro masangano zviri nyore zvokuti kunzwa kusava nesimba kwake, uye ipapo vakasara shoko ariko kuita muchero anoedza mvumo kurarama uye kuva ino isina kururamisira.

Kafka kushamiswa chipo chake enjere. Kunyanya zvakajeka kwakunoitwa (rakabudiswa postmortem) "Process". Mairi munyori aona upenzi itsva remakore rechimakumi maviri, monstrous zvayo rinoparadza. Mumwe wavo - chinetso muboka revatungamiriri, ari kuwana simba sezvo nedutu gore, zvakatevedzana yose denga, apo munhu anova pangozi asazivikanwa Tupukanana. Reality zvirire rinopikisa utsinye zvachose anoparadza ari munhu munhu, uye, naizvozvo, nyika richakuipira.

Mweya expressionism muna Russian

Destination Europe tsika, iyo yakatanga muna rokutanga kota remakore rechimakumi maviri, asingagoni asi kukanganisa mabhuku Russian. Vanyori, uyo akabudisa mabasa kubva 1850 kusvika kumagumo 1920, rinooneka akagamuchira Bourgeois kusaruramisira uye Kunzanga munguva iyi, iyo akasimuka somugumisiro First World War uye nekutambira reactionary the.

Chii Expressionism ari mabhuku? Muchidimbu - kupandukira. Vakatsamwa vakapandukira dehumanization munzanga. It, pamwe mutsva mutsara tsika tsika mweya womunhu, kwakanga ipfungwa ingawirirana neyokuti, tsika uye tsika mabhuku zvetsika Russian. basa rake saMesiya munharaunda achishandisa usingafi mabasa NV Gogol uye FM Dostoevsky, kuburikidza dzinokatyamadza mifananidzo MA Vrubel uye NN Ge, Kupfumiswa yose V. F. Komissarzhevskuyu uye AN Scriabin.

Inogona kurondwa zvakajeka munguva yemberi iri pedyo ine mukana mukuru kuberekwa Russian expressionism mu "The Dream a Man Ridiculous" by Fyodor Dostoevsky, "nhetembo Chinodhaka Chinowedzera Mufaro" Scriabin, "Red Flower" V. Garshin.

Expressionists Russian vakatsvaka kuvimbika nokudenga, mumabasa ake akatsvaka kuunza "murume mutsva" imwe pfungwa itsva pane achibatsirwa kubatana akapoteredza tsika uye unyanzvi nharaunda weRussia.

Mabhuku vatsoropodzi vanoti havana expressionism akatora chimiro sezvo yakazvimirira, wakaparadzaniswa kosi. Iye chete akaratidza chete kuburikidza voga pakati poetics uye Kugadzira, mune nascent svikiro akatotanga akasimbisa kufamba-siyana kupfuura miganhu yavo yakajeka, uye kunyange kwakajairika.

Saka, Somuenzaniso, expressionism, akaberekwa mukati realism, kwakaguma zvakasikwa Leonida Andreeva, Andrei Bely wakatiza symbolist mirayiridzo acmeists Michael Zenkevich Vladimir Narbut akasunungura dzakaunganidzwa nhetembo inopenya ekspressionistkoy musoro, uye Vladimir Mayakovsky, ari Futurist, uyewo akanyora Expressionist saizvozvo.

Expressionism Style paivhu Russian

In Russian kokutanga shoko "expressionism", "yakarira" mune nyaya Chekhov kuti "hwiza". The heroine zvakanga zvakaipa, achishandisa "expressionist" panzvimbo "Impressionists." Vaongorori Russian expressionism vanodavira kuti rakada revatema pamwe, uye zvose expressionism kweEurope yekare, iyo yakaumbwa pachishandiswa ari neAustria, asi vakawanda German expressionism.

Maererano nemaitikiro, muitiro uyu Russia akauya ipapa uye kuuya pasina zvikuru gare gare "gumi Expressionism" iri mumutauro wokuGermany mabhuku. Expressionism Russian mabhuku akatanga racho nyaya Leonida Andreeva "The Wall" muna 1901, uye hwakaguma sekurukurirano "Moscow Parnassus" uye boka emotsionalistov muna 1925.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev - a mupanduki Russian expressionism

New kutungamirira nokukurumidza kutora pamusoro Europe, kwete vakasiiwa pakachengeteka ichimirira uye Russian mabhuku milieu. The baba kuvambwa Expressionism muRussia runoonekwa kuna Leonid Andreev.

In ake basa yokutanga, munyori inoongorora zvikuru zvinoshamisa chokwadi akapoteredza naye. zvakajeka izvi zvinoonekwa mabasa mangwanani: "Garas'ko", "Bargamot", "Guta". Nechekare pano munhu anogona kuronda vavariro inokosha munyori.

"Life Vasiliya Fiveyskogo" uye nyaya "The Wall" swederai zvakadzama romunyori chokwadi muna dzevanhu pfungwa uye hwakanyanya kusava nechokwadi. Paaiita zvinhu ake kutenda uye mweya wamasvikiro Andreev akanyora akakurumbira "Judhasi Iskariyoti."

Pakutanga Revolutionary fambisa munyori zvakakomba tsitsi kune echimurenga kufamba, uye somunhu mugumisiro pane nyaya "Ivan Ivanovich," "Gavhuna" uye mutambo "Kuna Stars".

Pashure pfupi nguva, okugadzira zvinhu Andreeva Leonida Nikolaevicha anoita unopinza jana. Zvinonzi kwakabatana pakuvamba echimurenga kufamba muna 1907. Writer reconsiders maonero ake uye anonzwisisa kuti vakawanda nemhirizhonga, kunze pamarwadzo makuru uye vakawanda, akasvika pasina kutungamirira. Zviitiko izvi zvinotsanangurwa "The Seven Ndiani risungirirwe".

Nyaya "The Red yokuseka" anopfuurira kuzivisa romunyori maonero pamusoro kuitika hurumende. Basa rinorondedzera utsinye hunotyisa hwaiitika muhondo pamusana zvakaitika 1905 hondo Russian-Japanese. Ndisingambofariri hwakagadzwa nyika kuti magamba vagadzirira arege anarchic kupandukira, asi sezvaakanga nyore anogona peta uye ave kungogara.

More yapfuura mabasa munyori azadzwa pfungwa mukukunda remweya mauto uye nokuora mwoyo.

Post scriptum

Pamutemo, iri expressionism German somunhu mabhuku kuitika aparara parutivi pakati 20-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Zvisinei, hakusi chimwe, rwave chinokosha nezvainoita mabhuku tsika anotevera nezvizvarwa.