Elementary chairema shanduka - chii? Kutsunga zvepakutanga chikwata yemhindumupindu

Modern murume, zvarwo, ajaira pfungwa yemhindumupindu sezvo inofanira kuramba kukura upenyu panyika. Vazhinji vakatenda kuti dzidziso - mumwe muitiro anochinjika uye variability kwose zvipenyu dzavo kuramba kuvapo. Pane zvakawanda gakava pamusoro dzidziso matangiro akaita upenyu panyika, pamusoro apo zvose vakatanga. Asi pfungwa kwakakurumbira, zviri zvose kuchikoro. Muchiitiko chino, chii nderei chairema shanduka - munhu, boka zvipenyu, mhando, - uzivewo uye kunzwisisa kwete zvose.

budiriro dzidziso

Neshoko "shanduka" pakarepo tinofunga Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Asi nguva isati pfungwa yacho zvishoma nezvishoma upenyu uye kwakadaro chinhu somunhu rinodudza chairema shanduka, akaonekwa pfungwa youzivi. Asi kwakanga Charles Darwin runobva sumo masayendisiti ... kwete, kwete pfungwa shanduka uye simba rinomutsa kuti zvichaguma nokukomborerwa uye dzimwe nguva nouchapupu kuchinja zvinenge kuti kuguma nokuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi. Species somunhu zvipenyu nenzanga zvipenyu, zvakafanana yose kunzwisisa unhu anokwanisa pachena kuyambuka kwaita rokubereka vana. Saka, nyaya nyaya ino - tsanangudzo duku Unit, iro rinogona kuva refu uye Qualitative shanduko, zvichiguma chitarisiko chinhu chitsva uye rakasiyana vabereki siyana.

Darwin Before

The nemaonero pamusoro kukura makemikari nyika, izvo yavapo kusati kwatombova dzidziso kwakabva kwemarudzi ose Darwin, inonzi pre-dzidziso yaDarwin. Pasina kupinda remake pakati dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, yemamiriro dzidziso yakanga zvouMwari (zvose kuna Mwari) uye zvouMwari-nyore (zvinenge zvinoedza kuvandudza, zvakare kuna Mwari). dzidziso ava hweBazi yemhindumupindu anoonekwa munhu chiratidzazvizhinji. Somuenzaniso, Zhan Batist Lamark (1744-1829) akatsanangura chiitiko refu mutsipa twiza vanoda kusvika uye okumusoro nemapazi nokupfuuridzirwa chido nezvizvarwa.

Darwin chimurenga

Kukosha Charles Darwin kuti basa rake "The Origin of Species" vose incredible siyana muupenyu siyana panyika akatsanangura mugumisiro kurwira kuvapo, dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. A Mugumisiro izvi raiva mukukunda akasimba uye zvinorarama. Darwin akasimbisa kuti chikuru chairema shanduka ndiko boka revanhu, uye kwete vanhu vasina. Natural vakasarudzwa wakange kushanda sezvo pasi wayo zvezvinotaurwa kuwa sevanhu vasina vavo chaivo boka. Kuti boka, maererano Darwin, zviratidzo vanogona kuramba nhasi basa, asi mangwana vava pakuregererwa kuchinjika kuti zvinenge kuna dzichichinja ezvinhu muupenyu. Darwin ndiyo boka rudzi sepokuwana chairema shanduka.

YaDarwin ndinoiitawo genetics

Rusingabviri kutsanangurwa Charlz Darvin wake "Origin ..." ndiko kuti anongoitika kuchinja zvaive ndokuinama mune vana. Pashure pezvose, anokosha zvinhu zvichange kwakakanganisa mukufamba zvizvarwa. Uye panguva ino pane Sayenzi genetics mitemo yayo yenhaka uye recessive uye hukuru alleles, vaunganidza boka zvipenyu. Three Pagomo generality yedzinza rokutanga VaNefirimu ose Mendel, miviri akamonyoroka yokugara mashoko ose DNA Watson uye Crick, makemikari ezvinhu zvipenyu uye naGene mamiriro, kukura embryology uye cytology, ethology, paleontology, nemakemikari omuviri, uye ikoroji -. Chiedza anoberekwa ari chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, simba munyika yanhasi zvedzidzo ezvinhu.

Symbiosis yaDarwin uye ano

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso yemhindumupindu rakaumbwa nepakati maviri remakore. Kuti uchatamisa mupiro zvose shanduka zvipenyu wayo inotungamirwa hazvikwani mapeji matatu. Note zvipenyu S. S. Chetverikova (1880-1959), YAKABUDA MU Dobrozhanskogo (1900-1975) uye I. I. Shmalgauzena (1884-1963). The chikuru uchapupu pakati dzidziso - inokosha chairema shanduka ndiko nevamwe yoga boka rimwe rudzi kurarama munzvimbo imwe uye mune imwe nzira kure nevamwe vakawanda kwemarudzi. Kuti voga kuti vanhu (zvipenyu, nenzvimbo, kubereka) zvinotungamirira nokuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi. Kutsanangura nzira yaJehovha speciation kunotungamirira chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso yemhindumupindu nevamwe zvokudya, uyewo rinotsanangura sei vanacho nezvenzvimbo inokosha chairema shanduka.

The chikuru zvokudya pamusoro chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka

The Data kuratidzwa, hapana vanoti zvizere uye zvakakwana ruzivo pamusoro zvokudya mazuva ano pfungwa uye postulates munyaya akapoteredza kuti vemo - inokosha chairema shanduka.

Russian zvipenyu uye geneticist N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky (1900-1981) akagadzira dzinokosha zvokudya pamusoro Ste zvokutanga dzakabatana, mananara uye zvikonzero zviri zvipenyu shanduka.

• Elementary chikwata yemhindumupindu - zviri kwevanhu.
• Chiitiko yemhindumupindu muzviito - nayo anochinja Gene dziva (vakawanda vanochengeta majini ose vanhu) kwevanhu.
• Majini dziva chavagari - nhaka zvinhu yemhindumupindu.
• Zvinhu Evolution - mutational maitiro kuputira vemo mafungu (nhamba oscillations) uye vakasarudzwa.

nei vokuparidzira

Chete yevanhu seboka vanhu mumwe kwemarudzi imwe repamutemo zvinogona kuvapo nokusingaperi sezvo kuperera munguva uye nzvimbo. Uye chete ichi munharaunda mukana wokuita mhuka dzirambe dzichiberekana vanhu nguva dzose kupfuura ndingangokuvara kuyambuka vanhu vanobva vanhu zvakasiyana. yevagari chete asangana zvinodiwa shanduka kwacho, uye saka iye ndiye zvepakutanga chairema shanduka. Chete mukati boka rino yakasiyana akagadzirwa genotypes mune vanhu vanosarudzwa nokuda phenotypic unhu. Chete yakadaro namahwindo gadziriro kungava phenotypically asunga kubudirira nokuti vakapiwa ezvinhu ose ariko zviratidzo genotype yose boka, ari Gene mudziva vemo. Uye vanounganidza ari Gene mudziva, kushandura munhu genotypes zvevanhu, zvichitungamirira phenotypic (kwokunze) kusawirirana.

Wadii maonero - inokosha chairema shanduka?

Views kunogona kunzi zvakakwana namahwindo gadziriro, pane nguva refu. Asi mumwe mhando, vaigara imwe nzvimbo, ari kuparadzirwa vanoiswa pamusoro munharaunda. Uye zvikamu zvose izvozvo - iri vemo kuti aigona hunonzi kukonzera nedanho speciation. Uye haagoni kupa. Dzimwe dzakadai endemic, kazhinji kugara ari nani shoma ndima uye yaimirira vemo (chando Bheya rakamira pachando, kana chisimbiso Baikal). Uye kune mhuka dzakadai zvakafanana magpie raimiririra mazana Vagari siyana dzenyika.

Wadii kuparadzanisa munhu chepuraimari chairema shanduka?

The shanduka kwacho kunosanganisira kugadzirwa uye chidzoke itsva zvinhu uye zvivako chine muviri, zvichiguma ayo mukuru kugwinya. Zvino cheni zvizvarwa chinodiwa - the shanduka nhoroondo uye shanduka zvichaguma. A muviri hakuwaniki kuti chero nguva yakareba kusvika pamusoro hwose kutanga uye kusimbisa chiratidzo. Saka, boka kana makwai havagoni kuva hweBazi - boka iri yoga uye hakuna kukwana, sezvo mutemo, kwete refu chaizvo izwi iri akapoteredza uwandu nezvizvarwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mashoko aya haasi zvachose akakodzera prokaryotes (non-yenyukireya) akangouya mukuru mwero wokuberekana.