Cyanobacteria - ndiko ... Cyanobacteria: mamiriro, Vhuṱanzi

Pakati huripo pari Utachiona, pane dzimwe nenhumbi izvo chero hwaJehoshafati zvakasikwa zviri kuramba kukakavadzana. Saka zvisikwa inonzi cyanobacteria. Kunyange zvazvo chaiwo zita zvavanazvo. anoreva zvakafanana vakawandisa:

• zvitema-mitema algae;
• cyanobiont;
• fikohromovye Monera;
• cyano;
• slizievye algae nevamwe.

Zvakaratidza kuti cyanobacteria - zviri zvikuru duku, asi pane kunzwisisa uye makakatanwa muviri kwakadaro iyoyowo kuti zvinoda kunyatsofungwa uye kuongorora mamiriro ayo kuitira kuti asarudze chaiyo taxonomic chavanopinda.

Nhoroondo kuwanikwa nezvokuvapo uye

Maererano chinyorwa, nhoroondo rwebhuruu-nyoro algae rine midzi yawo kure shure nguva, nokuti miriyoni mashoma apfuura. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvakatungamirira pakudzidza paleontologists Panyanzvi dzakaongorora matombo (nzvimbo dzavo) panguva idzodzo kure.

cyanobacteria akawanikwa pamusoro pemvura ivhu, sechivako yakanga isina akasiyana ano siyana. Izvi zvinoratidza refu mwero anochinjika zvisikwa izvi kuti mamiriro zvemhoteredzo siyana, avo kutsungirira akanyanyisa uye kupukunyuka. Zviri pachena kuti mamiriyoni kwemakore pakanga paine kuchinja tembiricha uye gasi Kuronga nyika. Hapana Zvisinei, haana kukanganisa chinhanho kubva cyan.

In cyanobacteria ano - mumwe muviri chete-celled, iyo yakavhurwa pachiimbwa nedzimwe mhando masero kwemabhakitiriya. Kureva, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, Lui Pasterom uye mamwe masayendisiti munyika XVIII-XIX emakore.

More Kunyatsodzidza ivo akavhiyiwa Papera, pamwe pave Erekitironi microscopy uye modernized unyanzvi uye kutsvakurudza nzira. Features vaizivikanwa kuti ive cyanobacteria. Sero mamiriro rinosanganisira nhamba itsva, kwete kuwanikwa zvimwe zvisikwa, zvivako.

kupatsanura

The mubvunzo kuona zvavo taxonomic chavanopinda anoramba yakazaruka. Kunyange zvazvo zvinozivikanwa chete chinhu chimwe: cyanobacteria - prokaryotes. Izvi kunosimbiswa zvakadai zviri se:

• kusavapo neerekitironi, mitochondria, chloroplasts;
• kuvapo muchitokisi parusvingo murein;
• S-ribosome Morekuru anoumbwa nemasero.

Kunyange zvakadaro, cyanobacteria - prokaryotes, rinosvika mamiriyoni 1,5 marudzi. Vose vakanga Classified uye dzikarongwa mu morphological mapoka makuru 5.

1. Chroococcales. Wakakwanisa guru boka kubatanidza oga kana yaitonga siyana. High kuwanda zvipenyu dzinoitwa pamwe chete nevakawanda madzihwa secreted Sero parusvingo mumwe nomumwe. Chimiro boka iri tsvimbo serin'i uye idenderedzwa marongerwo.
2. Plevrokapsovye. Very yakafanana yapfuura chimiro, asi pane chinhu muchimiro rokuumba beotsitov (more pamusoro Fani iyi pava paya). Included pano cyanobacteria vari zvitatu zvinokosha makirasi: Plevrokapsy, Dermokapsy, Miksosartsiny.
3. Oksillatorii. The chikuru chinoratidza boka iri kuti vose masero ikashandiswa kuva nevakawanda marongerwo inonzi mucic trichome. The Kupesana anotora nzvimbo, pasina kuenda kunze shinda iyi, mukati. Ostsillatorii vanosanganisira vari nhengo dzaro masero chete vegetative Vakagovana asexually hafu.
4. Nostokovye. Interesting ayo cryophilic. Kukwanisa kugara hayo mumarenje echando Anoumba pamusoro pavo vachirwisa mavara. Vanonzi Fani kuti "vachiita echando mumarenje." The mhando zvipenyu izvi uye filamentous sezvo trichomes, asi pabonde kubereka, tichibatsirwa masero kushandiswa - heterocysts. Pano unogona kusanganisira zvinotevera vamiririri: Annaba, Nostoc, Kalotriksy.
5. Stigonemovye. Very yakafanana yapfuura boka. The musiyano mukuru pakati kwadzinoita kubereka - vanogona kuganhura muwande mukati muchitokisi chete. The inonyanya kufarirwa mumiririri nokuwadzana ichi - Fisherelly.

Nokudaro, cyan uye Classified maererano morphological nzira, sezvo vamwe pane mibvunzo yakawanda uye zvinoitika kuvhiringidzika. Botanists uye microbiologists rwakafanana dhinomineta iri taxonomy pamusoro cyanobacteria anogona ichigere.

nzvimbo

Nokuda kuvapo dzinokosha zvishandiso (heterocysts, beotsitov, kujairika tillakoidov, gasi vacuoles, kukwanisa kugadzirisa samolecular senitrogen nezvimwe) mashoko zvinenge vakagara kwose kwose. Vanokwanisa kurarama kunyange zvikuru ezvinhu, umo hakuna muviri mupenyu hahugoni kuvapo. Somuenzaniso, Hot Springs thermophilic, anaerobic mamiriro pamwe rehydrogen sulfide mhepo, imwe acidic ezvinhu ane ph asingasviki 4.

Cyanobacteria - ane muviri yokupukunyuka chinyararire pamusoro pegungwa jecha uye matombo pemidengerero, echando kutigumbura uye inopisa mumarenje. Dzidza uye kuziva kuvapo cyanogen kunogona maitiro ruvara pamusoro nhunzi, izvo zvinoumba dzaitongwa dzavo. Color anogona anosiyana kubva yebhuruu-mutema Pink nomutsvuku.

Sinezelenymi vanodanwa kuti, riri kazhinji pamusoro pemvura kwomuzvarirwo yakachena kana munyu mvura zvinoumba rwebhuruu-nyoro mucic firimu. Fani iyi inonzi "algal Anotumbuka." Inogona kuonekwa pamusoro chero mugungwa, iyo inotanga kukura uye dzikava doro.

Features Sero mamiriro

Cyanobacteria vane zvatinosiita maumbirwo prokaryotic zvipenyu, asi pane dzimwe dzose.

Total Sero mamiriro hurongwa huri sezvinotevera:

• Sero rusvingo murein uye polysaccharides;
• yeplasma Kamudzira bilipidnogo mamiriro;
• cytoplasm pamwe pachena richiparadzirwa majini zvinhu muchimiro DNA molecules;
• tillakoidy uchishandisa basa photosynthesis uye rine pigments (chlorophylls, xanthophylls carotenoids).

Dzinenge mativi sero inorondedzerwa pazasi.

Mhando unyanzvi hurongwa

Izvi anonyanya geterotsisty. zvivako izvi - kwete kazhinji, asi masero pachavo sechikamu trichomes (zvakafanana dzayaitonga mutsvuku pamwe madzihwa). Zvinosiyana kana kuonekwa maikorosikopu kubudikidza ayo akafanana, sezvo chavainyanya nerevane - kweShanduro enzayemu, vachibvumira kugadzirisa samolecular senitrogen kubva mumhepo. Naizvozvo, pigments mu geterotsisty hapana, asi yakawanda senitrogen.

Chechipiri, izvozvo gormogonii - zvikamu wakatorwa trichomes. Vanoshanda sezvo maberekero nhandare.

Beotsity - iri mhando masero mwanasikana, mukanyiwa hwakapiwa nemumwe mubereki. Dzimwe nhamba yavo kunosvika zviuru imwe nguva weboka. By yakadaro rutivi anogona Dermokapsy dzimwe Plevrokapsodievye.

Akinetes - chaiwo masero ari quiescent rehurumende uye zvinosanganisirwa trichomes. Zvinosiyana zvikuru muhombe akapfuma sero rusvingo polysaccharides. basa ravo zvakafanana geterotsisty.

Gas vacuoles - vane ose cyanobacteria. Sero mamiriro pakutanga chinoreva kuvapo kwavo. basa ravo - kutora chikamu mune muitiro maruva mvura. Chimwe zita zvivako zvakadaro - Carboxysome.

Cell activation. Ivo zvirokwazvo vane, uye chirimwa uye mhuka uye masero kwemabhakitiriya. Zvisinei, zvitema-uswa algae, inclusions aya siyanei. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• glycogen;
• polyphosphate granules;
• tsianofitsin - rinokosha fuma, zvinosanganisira aspartate, arginine. It anoshandira kuchengetera senitrogen, sezvo inclusions izvi vari heterocysts.

Izvi ndizvo ane cyanobacterium. Main mativi uye masero kushandiswa uye organelles - ndizvo anobvumira tsianeyam tiite photosynthesis, asi panguva imwe chete kubata utachiona.

kubereka

Izvi hazvisi kunyanya kuoma, sezvo imwe, izvo zvakafanana utachiona. Cyanobacteria anogona kuganhura vegetatively, zvikamu trichomes, zvakajairika sero kupinda maviri, kana kuti vaite zvounzenza muitiro.

Kazhinji izvi pezvakaitwa dzinosanganisira masero kushandiswa geterotsisty, Akinetes, beotsity.

nzira rwokufamba

The keji chakafukidzwa kunze cyanobacteria muchitokisi rusvingo, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange rinokosha paiva polysaccharide anokwanisa rokuumba mucic Kamudzira kumativi. Zviri kuvonga kuna ichi chinhu uye motokari kunoita cyan.

Flagella kana cilia chinokosha ikoko. Movement anogona kuitwa chete pamusoro paasingazonyuri pamwe madzihwa pfupi maronda. Vamwe Ostsillatorii vane kujairika nzira kutamira - ivo dzitendererane akabatana ayo panguva iyoyo kuti kutenderera yose trichomes. Saka pane sangano pamusoro pemvura.

Kugona kugadzira senitrogen

Nyaya iyi ine anenge ose cyanobacterium. Izvi zvinogoneka nemhaka nitrogenase enzayemu anokwanisa parumananzombe samolecular senitrogen uye kurishandura kuva digestible fomu yeimwe. Izvi zvinoitika geterotsisty hurongwa. Somugumisiro, marudzi avo vasina navo, kugadzirisa senitrogen kubva mumhepo asingagoni.

Kazhinji, izvi zvinoita inokosha zvikuru zvisikwa cyanobacteria kuti chirimwa upenyu. Vakazopinda muvhu, nemiti cyan kubatsira kupinza akasungwa senitrogen uye kurarama sezvinongoita.

anaerobic mhando

Vamwe chimiro rebhuruu-zvakasvibirira algae (semuenzaniso, Ostsillatorii) vanokwanisa kurarama zvachose anaerobic ezvinhu, uye mhepo rehydrogen sulfide. Panyaya iyi kubudiswa mukomboni mukati mumuviri uye achiumbwa somugumisiro samolecular nesarufa exiting kupinda zvakatipoteredza.