Dambudziko wokubvumira: uchapupu mabhuku. Chii kubvumidza: tsananguro, anoreva zvakafanana,

Kokutanga rokuti "kushivirira" akazviratidza muna 1953. Chirungu Immunology Medawar zvaireva kushivirira pfuma yacho zvirwere, umo muviri kuona dzimwe muviri sezvo vayo uye asingauyi sei nawo.

Gare gare shoko "kushivirira" akatanga kushandiswa, uye zvimwe anoranga kwesayenzi, rimwe nerimwe anowanikwa yayo anokosha. Munyaya ino tichakurukura zvinoreva pfungwa iyi, anoreva zvakafanana shoko "kushivirira", uyewo pezvidzidzo wokubvumira, nharo kuti mashoko avo mabhuku.

Kushivirira - nayo ...

Saka, chii shiviriro? Tsanangudzo iyi izwi kakawanda vachinzi achishivirira nokuda maitiro, tsika uye dzinza evanhu. In evanhu, kuti kushivirira ichaongororwa sezvo murwere kuti wakasiyana mararamiro. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti izwi iri - kureva shoko "hanya". Rinogona sechinhu mukana kupa vamwe kodzero yokurarama sezvo vanoona zvakakodzera.

In uzivi, shoko "kushivirira" anonzi murefu mamwe mafungiro uye maitiro. The nzanga peunhu kuitira kuti kuvapo norugare nevanhu nezvimwe zvitendero, kwemadzinza uye chitendero.

Yetsika Sayenzi anomiririra achishivirira sokukwanisa zvakadzikama uye pasina utsinye kutora kwose kutaura mumwe munhu. Heano huru zvakafanana kubvumirawo Dzidziso mutsa uye kushivirira.

Nokududza dambudziko

Kazhinji, rakada kufanana wokubvumira pfungwa dzakadai sokuremekedza, kunzwisisa uye kugamuchirwa.

Kushivirira haagoni kunzi kwaiva kungobvumirawo, kuzvideredza kana zvakavanakira, uyezve, hazvirevi Kubvumira kusaruramisira kudivi mumwe munhu kana kuti kuramba mafungiro avo uye maitiro.

Unogona kuona yakawanda wokubvumira tsanangudzo, asi hapana havazobatanidzwi zvakazara buritsa zvinoreva izvi nokuti kuti hatigoni kunyatsonzwisisa kufukidza zvose zvoupenyu hwevanhu. Saka chii shiviriro? Tsanangudzo iyi izwi rinogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera. Kushivirira - anoziva, akarurama kushivirira, pakaitwa mupfungwa nemafungiro rinonyatsotarira omumwe kuremekedza vamwe tsika, zvaidavirwa, nzira rwekutaura nezvimwe zvinoumba womunhu unhu. Uyu chinoshingaira nzvimbo, izvo zvinobatsira kuti vabudirire tinzwisisane pakati vavengi.

Achishivirira ano

matambudziko wokubvumira Modern iri kushanda hapana chakasiyana vakaverengwa mune mabhuku mabasa Classics. Izvi zvinogona kunzi kune madzinza, uye magariro uye chechikadzi kuvhiringidzika. Zvazvinosarira kudzidza mutemo mumwe chete: pasinei hazvichinji nyika, kushivirira anogara vaiona chakanaka.

Asi ikozvino, kupfuura kare, chinhu chokutanga basa kuti rinoda kugadziriswa ndiro dambudziko inotungamirwa wokubvumira. Izvi imhaka zvinotevera:

• Sudden uye simba partitioning yebudiriro pamusoro zveupfumi, kwemadzinza, zvitendero, magariro uye zvimwe zvinodiwa. Maererano neizvi rakawedzera pamwero asingashiviriri munzanga.
• Kuwedzera dzechitendero hurumende.
• hondo Local kunge yakawedzera dzemadzinza ukama (somuenzaniso, hondo pakati kuUkraine uye Russia).
• The dambudziko vapoteri.

Kuti urere munhu kushivirira, kunoda zvimwe zvinhu, vanonzi zvinokosha zvinotaurwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira 5 nzvimbo:

• Mhirizhonga harimbofaniri kuva nzira kupera.
• Rusununguko rwokusarudza. Man anofanira nokungwaririra kuuya chaicho chisarudzo.
• Unozviita, kwete kumanikidza vamwe. Inokosha wokubvumira kukwanisa yevanhu pachako pasina kuita panguva imwe kuchinja maonero avo.
• Zvaidiwa mitemo, tsika nemagariro chinhu chinokosha kukura shiviriro.
• Bvuma mumwe sezvazviri, pasinei kusiyana.

The yapera dambudziko wokubvumira hazvigoni kusava. Pashure pezvose, sezvo muzivi akamboti Yu A. Shreyder: "The yakaipisisa Njodzi angavatsugudusa nebudiriro kwePasi - kuparadzwa kwevanhu vari munhu.". Naizvozvo, kubvuma vamwe vanhu sezvo ivo, kudai zvakanyorwa akati.

Kubvumidza uye mabhuku

Kuti tinzwisise kudzika dambudziko iri, zviri nani kushandisa mabhuku nharo. In nyaya, enganonyorwa uye nyaya vanotsanangurwa mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana apo mienzaniso vanonyanya kutaurwa zvinogona kuonekwa, chii achishivirira upenyu chaihwo.

The yapera dambudziko wokubvumira akatanga kuoneka mabhuku Russia yekare. Vaifamba munyori Athanasius Nikitin akarondedzera siyana kufamba muIndia dzechitendero. Mumagwaro ake, iye touts muverengi kufunga zvose kusiyana kwenyika uye kushivirira atinoitwa vanhu vane zvitendero zvakasiyana.

Asi vainyatsotarisirwa inofanira mabasa dzekare mabhuku. Vanyori iyoyo akataura nezvematambudziko wokubvumira kuti aivapo munzanga. Somuenzaniso, mune mabasa XVIII remakore dambudziko wokubvumira vaiva mune zvesayenzi uye rokudzidzisa bhora. Atova XIX remakore anotanga simuka dambudziko wokubvumira mukirasi. Zvikurukuru, ichi inoratidza mabasa NdiTolstoy kuti "Hondo uye Rugare", "Madzibaba uye Sons" Turgenev, iyo inorondedzera huru nharo dambudziko wokubvumira.

Kubva pamashoko Classics

Kubva mumapeji chaiwo mabhuku, unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro nyaya wokubvumira. The pfungwa nemabasa, inoshandawo kunyange nhasi. Somuenzaniso, nyaya "Children Muchivande" (V. G. Korolenko). Munyori inotiudza zvishoma mukomana Vasya, vasingagoni kuwana kunzwisisa mumhuri yake. Pasinei chokwadi kuti baba vake vakaita yepamusoro munyika, iye aigara oga. Rimwe zuva, Jesu akasangana Valcke uye Marusya. Vanhu ava vaiva pagomba rakadzika evanhu stratum vemo. Saka isu nemamiriro maviri evanhu chaizvoizvo, izvo zviri pedyo zvakanyatsobatana. Bob akakwanisa kunzwisisa uye kubvuma kurwadziwa vamwe vanhu, akatanga kunzwisisa zviri nani mukuru uye saka kukwanisa kumisa ukama nababa vake.

basa iri pachena dambudziko evanhu kusaruramisira, uye chero pachava weboka nzanga kupinda makirasi, zvichaita kuramba kuti zvevakomana.

Mumwe muenzaniso dzekare mabhuku anogona kuwanikwa mubasa NdiTolstoy kuti "The Road kuKarivhari". Pano kunyanya kurondedzera munhui kushivirira, kana mukadzi akaenzana murume. Sezvo kwezana XIX-XX emakore, dambudziko wakanyatsojeka rinoshandiswa nevakawanda, raiva hwaro mabhuku mabasa mazhinji.

Dambudziko Inter-dzinza shiviriro vari zvakanaka kutaurwa basa "Sea Stories" (KM Stanyukovich). vezvikepe Russian vakanonga zvimedu kamwe pamatunhu mumakungwa uye mukomana African-American kubatwa naye ose tsitsi munhu, pasinei noruvara ganda.

dambudziko iri kunoratidzwa munyaya L. N. Tolstogo "musungwa Caucasus". The inokosha Pfungwa, iyo munyori akanga achiedza kubudisa, akanga sezvinotevera: "Hapana marudzi chakanaka kana chakaipa, mune zvakanaka chete nezvakaipa vanhu vemarudzi ose."

mabhuku zvinogutsa

Kushivirira kwave rimwe kufarira vanyori akasiyana zvitaera uye Genres. Kwete chete enganonyorwa, nyaya pfupi, kana enganonyorwa dambudziko iri zvinoitika. Somuenzaniso, muna ngano rakadzika zvinooneka nekuyanana pakati vatambi kuwana dambudziko akasiyana pfungwa maonero. Muna ngano "The Swan, kenza uye Pike" nemagamba hapana tara kufamba pengoro, sezvo mumwe murume akaita akanga akajaira: ". Zvinhu varipo" Kenza ndadududza, nejichidza nendege, uye Pike akasvetukira mumvura, saka kuti

Muna ngano "The Elephant uye pamakumbo-imbwa" imbwa duku pasina chikonzero anotanga kuhukura chinyararire achifamba nzou, panzvimbo chete zvakaitika. Mumwe munhu angataura kuti ichi inongova nyaya kunakidza vana ane, asi, zvamazvirokwazvo, pane chimwezve zvakavanzika. Kana ukaswedera munhu kufanana nevamwe zviitiko zvoupenyu hwezuva nezuva iye zvino, unogona kuona kuti basa iri chakavanzika inokosha dambudziko shiviriro. Kazhinji unogona kusangana vanhu mumigwagwa, izvo chaizvo unhu, manyawi kana kusagutsikana vakaratidza maonero avo vamwe, vamusingambozivi. Somuenzaniso, mamiriro acho ezvinhu: kambani yasvika kuzorora ari yokuzororera muguta. nzvimbo yavo yakanga pedyo yemapurisa, saka tora tekisi hakuna pfungwa, kunyange zvazvo bhegi vakanga zvakaoma. Asi kuchinja, vakatanga kutaura pachavo pamusoro sei zvakaoma kuenda aine mutoro akadaro. Mukadzi akanga achipfuura, vakanzwa mashoko aya uye akaratidza wake maonero, vachiti vakanga vauya "Rogue" uye hadzikwanisi kuwana kutora senga.

Izvi hazvingoitiki chaizvo chaiwo, asi akakwana kuti kugadzira Ringanidzo pamwe ngano "The Elephant uye pamakumbo-imbwa."

Ake uye vamwe '

Chinetso achishivirira mabhuku anogoverwa kupfuura siyana nziyo. Iye rinowanikwa rengano ose Andersen uye Pushkin, kunogona kuonekwa mune nyaya Winnie ari Pooh uye Carlson. Mienzaniso kushivirira maitiro mhuka inogona kushanda mabasa Kipling kuti "Mowgli".

matambudziko Yaitaurwa kubvumidza anogona kuwanikwa mamwe basa ose chaiko. Kunyange nyaya muhondo kana enyika udzvanyiriri pane nzvimbo chinhu kwevanhu. Somuenzaniso, "Alpine Ballad" Bykova. Events Kuzarurwa munhoroondo Huru Patriotic War. Vasungwa Nazi kutiza mumusasa: murwi Russian Ivan naJuria, mumwe musikana anobva kuItaly. Vaiva mazuva matatu chete. Mazuva matatu-refu akamirirwa rusununguko, uye kudzingirirana upenyu toughest ezvinhu. vaNazi kana ndokuwana vatizi, Ivan akatora mhosva kuti kumuurayisa. Julia Vaitarisira zvose hwangu kuyeuka varwi vakashinga. Pashure pehondo iye, akanga akawanikwa Russia, mhuri yake uye akainyora pamusoro Ivan afa. Aida kutaura pamusoro heroism mano musoja akaponesa asingazivikanwi mutorwa. Havatombozivi kunyange kuziva mutauro mumwe wacho.

Pane chinorondedzerwa dambudziko kushivirira munhu transnational. Yaitaurwa kubva mabhuku akanyorwa yakafanana, dzinoratidza nezvahunoreva wokubvumira uye vanhu. Muverengi zvaizova zvinonzwisisika maitiro ari protagonist, kana akatsigira compatriot ake. Asi pakanga vokuItaly, nako havana kunyange vaiziva. Saka nei? The protagonist haisi yakakamurwa vanhu mu "Russian" uye "non-Russian" uye nyore akaita zvaaigona kuita kana pamusoro-panzvimbo Italian aiva mumwe. The munyori vakaedza kuratidza kuti hapana chinhu akadai ane "ake" uye "nomutorwa" kunongova munhu anoda kubatsirwa.

rudo mutsetse

"Akanyarara Kunoyerera kuti Don" haasi zvishoma rina mavara mavara akarondedzera dambudziko kugamuchirwa nevamwe Sholokhov kuti yokufungidzira. Pano, panzvimbo utsinye ezvinhu nehondo yevagari vemo, kushivirira sokuti chinhu hazviiti, asi munyori anotanga mamwe "shanduka", riri pamwero pamusoro magungano - ichi rudo.

The nganonyorwa wacho vatambi - Dunyashka Melehova uye Bear Mishka - kudanana. Asi nzira pokuchinja mhuri dzavo dzakanga kumativi akasiyana, uye kana zvose ruvengo dzakaguma, Mishka Mishka muvengi kumhuri Dunyasha. Asi ivo vari murudo, uye rudo urwu pamusoro magungano zvose. Tsika achagara kumira pamusoro pfungwa uye enyika zvavanosarudza.

Kubva mashoko chiito

About kubvumidza zvakanyorwa chaizvo, ndicho chete kuzviita, zvose hazvina kudaro. Beautiful nyaya pakutora vanhu vakasiyana akanaka zviripo chete mumabhuku, asi kwete munyika chaiyo. Zvikurukuru, rinoshanda kuchizvarwa chevechiduku.

kubvumidza matambudziko pakati pevechiduku makatsamwisa, kupfuura zvose, Anti-munzanga maitiro uye commercialization ukama. In chizvarwa chevechiduku pakutanga pane nguva dzose ano Soup uye zvose chete ipapo zororo. Kwaita refu akarasika aimbova ukoshi. Zuva nezuva kuumba mapoka matsva vechidiki uye kufamba, nhamba iri kuwedzera Anti-munzanga masangano kukuru. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, pakati kuyaruka uye vechiduku kushivirira zvino "kubva fashoni".

In masangano dzidzo, zvikurukuru zvikoro, kusora pfungwa shiviriro. Zvisinei, kumwezve tsanangudzo haisi kuenda. Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti padanho kugamuchirwa nevamwe mapopoma. Dai kupomera kushaya mienzaniso yakanaka kuti aigona kuratidza sei kuti kushivirira, zvichida, vashoma vadzidzi kuverenga Classics Russian. Kunyange zvakadaro, nokufamba kwenguva, mumwe nomumwe wavo kuti anyore rondedzero panyaya "The dambudziko wokubvumira."

Uye unogona kuva nechinetso chakakomba kana hapana kunzwisisa zvakajeka dambudziko uye basa iri basa bvunzo.

Kuti anyore rondedzero, "The dambudziko wokubvumira", mibvunzo kubva mabhuku zvikuru. Vanogona kushandiswa sepokutangira zvokuswedera ane muenzaniso zviitiko munyika yanhasi. Nerumwe, unogona kutsanangura zvishoma chigadzirwa uye tsanangura kuti nei zvaanofunga achakudzwa. Kusarudza wechipiri nyore, asi Somuenzaniso, edza chokubatanidza nzira mbiri kunyora essays.

muenzaniso mabasa

"Zvichida, nokukurumidza vanhu vachararama oga zvakakwana kubva mumwe, tiine rugare wayo kusimba nevokunze. Asi hazvizoitiki nokukurumidza, kunyange zvazvo zvakakomba prerequisites iyi iitike uchitova kuwanikwa - kamari pamwero wokubvumira munzanga. Zvino tinofanira anoenderana shoko "ndozvakajairwa".

Kana munhu aine kanenge chinhu chakasiyana, hachigoni kugamuchira seboka, vanhu, kana kuipa - kuti adzingwa. Kufanana heroine yacho itsva ne L. Ulitskaia "Bukhara Mwanasikana" Mila. Girl pamwe chirwere cheDown syndrome mwana anorwara. mai vake anodzidzisa uye vanoedza zvose zvavanogona kuitira kuti musikana aifara. Asi mafungiro kune vanhu vane zvidikanwi munzanga hanya, uye kana rombo, anozvideredza.

"A-siyana idiots" uye "nhengo pasina munzanga" - zvinongova epithets shoma, izvo munyori akatsanangura mafungiro kwenzanga kurutivi "vamwe" vanhu. Sezvineiwo, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vakadaro havasi vaikwanisa tsitsi, kuremekedza uye nokunzwisisa.

Asi pane vanhu kuti vane zvimwe nevamwe maitiro. Zvinokosha kuyeuka yokufungidzira kubva Leo NdiTolstoy "Hondo uye Rugare". The protagonist pamusoro Per Bezuhov hakukodzeri mune rokunyika muvanhu. Uye pano tiri kutaura kwete zvikuru nenhetemwa ake, asi pamusoro mutambi. Ndiye mano, nyengedzeka uye nyore mupfungwa. Open kuti nyika uye mutsa chaizvo. Asi apo vachida udyire uye kunyengera, ndiye mutorwa.

Uye munyika yanhasi, anenge danho ose pane mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Mukomana akaita tsaona vakava zvirema, zvino zvikuru kashoma kuti nokusangana kupinda vanhu paanokwegura kumusoro. Nokufamba kwenguva, shamwari ekare ukatsauka, achava nehanya uye inobatanidza kumativi. Zvino ndiye - the ndonda, pasina nhengo munzanga. The musikana kuti anofarira kuverenga mabhuku, regai TV uye kashoma akashanyira ne Internet, riri kunzwa sidelong glances vezera.

ezvinhu akadaro kuti iwe ufunge, uye kana vanhu vanodana vanhu pavanenge pasina kurwadziwa kana kuzvidemba kunze munzanga chavo pachavo mhando. Kuva anoshivirira zvinoreva kuti munhu. Uye kuti munhu wose anogona kubudirira kana zviri nyore kubata vamwe saizvozvo sezvo uchida kuti kubata naye. "

The dambudziko wokubvumira akaoma kunzwisisa. Zvinogona kuitika munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana muupenyu uye mamiriro ezvinhu. Uye Paaipedzisa kutaura pasi rose apa, tinoona zvinotevera: shiviriro - uku vanhu. Uye vanhu chinhu chakafanana kukwanisa kuwirirana nevezera ravo, kwete kupera kukosha kwavo, uye pasina kurasikirwa kwavo munhu akazvimiririra.