Purani - ndiko ... The urongwa waisiyana mepu?

Geography mutauro rechipiri - cartographic mufananidzo. Maps zvaishandiswa kunyange vafambisi vekare. Kana kuronga rwendo vatsvakurudzi vakaunganidza zvose zvinowanikwa cartographic zvinhu zvinodiwa munzvimbo. Pamugumo zvabuda zvaitambidzwa papepa. Saka akasikwa urongwa nzvimbo. Izvi zvakanga hwaro kusika mepu itsva. Chii toronga nzvimbo uye chii chinokosha kusiyana ayo kubva nenzvimbo mepu?

Chii chirongwa yacho?

The kadhi wokutanga munhau yevanhu ndiwo urongwa. Vari zvino kushandiswa zvinenge zvose minda zvesainzi pasina kwavari kuita pakuvaka, zvokurima, injiniya anoona, etc ...

purani - hombe-pamwero mufananidzo pose nzvimbo dzenyika, zviri kushandiswa paaisika zviratidzo. Kazhinji, mashoko kunyora cartographic mifananidzo kuti nzvimbo diki ane nzvimbo anoverengeka mativi makiromita. Panyaya iyi, iyo curvature wenyika panyika hazvina chokuita mufananidzo.

Urongwa yakasiyana mepu?

Kazhinji muupenyu isu kusangana uye Map uye nzvimbo kuronga. Jogirafi somunhu sainzi kunobva pamepu mufananidzo. Asi ichi hachisi chinhu chimwe.

Paaisika nzvimbo mepu uchishandisa pamwero muduku (kureva, rinotaura nzvimbo guru) inocherechedzwa nhoroondo hunhu panyika, kureva akashandisa kwemasvomhu mutemo kuri - fungidziro. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mepu - dhigirii pajira riya: zvinokosha kuona pfungwa chinongedzo. The zvakafanana uye meridians kazhinji achimiririrwa arcs pane twasu. Kuyera nyaya chete chinokosha zvinhu makuru. Nokuti gadziriro yavo anoshandisa siyana nezvinhu, kusanganisira mepu pamwero Satellite mifananidzo.

purani - uwane mufananidzo chikamu chiduku Nyika. It inovakwa pasina nokufunga fungidziro, sezvo nemhaka kukura pamusoro mugove anoonekwa kuti sandarara. Mativi kwenyika pakutsvaga mirayiridzo kuronga kuumbwa. Ratidza kuva zvachose vose pezvokuvamba mamiriro enzvimbo. Kunyora navo maererano nezvinhu zviri pamwero mukuru zvemuchadenga kana pasi.

Sei urongwa?

Chokutanga, sarudza pfungwa panzvimbo, riri pachena kuonekwa yose nyaya nzvimbo Mapping. Pashure paizvozvo, unofanira kusarudza rapanzvimbo urongwa ramangwana. Danho rinotevera - kuona mirayiridzo kuchamhembe. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa tichibatsirwa bhodhi uye planchette-ruoko nekambasi. Papepa, unofanira kuziva pana iyo ichaitwa kupfura nzvimbo, uye ipapo kuswedera zvikuru varipo vose (kumakona zvivako, miti mikuru, matanda).

Zvadaro, vachishandisa chaiwo mukuru-zvakarurama zviridzwa zviri chakayerwa azimuths mumwe pfungwa, izvo zvinofanira mumatauriro urongwa. Pose azimuths vari rakachengetedzwa kubva chikuru endpoint, uye webetsero mutsetse wavhomorwa kubva mairi, tichitarisa pakona rinozivikanwa. The kure huru kusvika zvandinenge pfungwa nzvimbo uyewo kunoyerwa uye hwakatamisirwa bepa.

Zvadaro, muna kwakajairika zviratidzo zvinhu vakaratidza zvarongwa, akaita zvakafanira vakasaina.

Scale nzvimbo urongwa

Nzvimbo yose chati mufananidzo urongwa anoramba kuzochinja ayo akamboona. The chikero ndirwo kinds matatu:

• Kusanganiswa.
• Zita.
• Linear.

Chinotaurwa kuva nhamba chakapatsanurwa ane numerator 1 uye dhinomineta - M. Ndiyo nhamba M rinoratidza ukuru zooming maererano noukuru. Topographical zvirongwa chikero 1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000, 1: 5000. Nokuti nyika zvakanaka mabasa rinoshandiswawo duku pamwero urongwa - 1:10 000, 1:25 000, 1:50 000 duku dzakawanda ndiye ane zvakawanda M nhamba, uye vakutarisire.

Ane zita chikero nyore - pano kureba pemitsara chinoratidzwa nemashoko. Somuenzaniso, 1 masendimita - 50 mamita. Izvi zvinoreva kuti 1 masendimita daro mundege anoenderana mamita 50 pavhu.

Rapanzvimbo Linear mhando - girafu ichifananidzwa yakarurama mutsetse, iyo rakakamurwa zvakaenzana nhengo. chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chiri yakasainwa nemashoko kusanganiswa kukosha kuenderana nokureba yacho.

Symbols nharaunda urongwa

Kuti varatidze pamusoro topographic urongwa chero zvinhu kana pezvakaitwa anoratidza zvavo zvinokosha Qualitative kana quantitative tsika, zvakakodzera kushandisa kwakajairika zviratidzo kana zviratidzo. Vanopa mufananidzo yakazara spatial urongwa zvinhu, uyewo avo maitiro uye chitarisiko.

Kune mhando ina zviratidzo:

• Scale - Linear uye nharaunda (semuenzaniso, nharaunda rinoti, migwagwa, mazambuko).
• Scaleless (tsime, chitubu, mbiru, shongwe uye t. D.).
• Rinotsanangura (siginicha unhu zvinhu, zvakadai mugwagwa upamhi, mazita nyaya).

Munguva ngano urongwa zvose kunooneka. Pachishandiswa ngano dzinoumba chikuru pfungwa nzvimbo.

Saka, zano nzvimbo - a cartographic mufananidzo chikamu chiduku panyika pamwero. It rinoshandiswa zvinenge mabhora ose mabasa evanhu. Pasina izvozvo, hwaizodai kusika topographic mepu.