Chii radon? An chinhu rechi18 boka periodic patafura D. zvine maatomu akafanana I. Mendeleeva

In chiedza kukurumidza kukura nyanzvi nesayenzi uye ruzivo rwokugadzira akaratidza kushaya anoparadzirwa mwaranzi utsanana pakati yevagari. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti gumi anotevera "kusaziva radiological" kunogona kukonzera chaiye kuchengeteka kukanganisa vanhu uye nyika.

The Silent mhondi

In XVΙ remakore vanachiremba European akavhiringidzwa zvisinganzwisisiki yakakwirira kufa kwakaita zvirwere zvemapapu pakati vashandi vangu, inobereka simbi, nechigadziko simbi uye sirivha. Asinganzwisisiki chirwere aizivikanwa se "kukwira urwere", yakarova miners makumi mashanu nguva kupfuura avhareji murume ari mumugwagwa. Chete panguva pakutanga XX remakore, pashure kuwanikwa radon, zviri kuzivikanwa sezvo mhaka kweiyi kukura kenza yemapapu miners Germany uye Czech Republic.

Chii radon? kana chete ine kunambwa womunhu? Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyi, tinofanira kuyeuka nhoroondo kuwanika uye kudzidza ichi chisinganzwisisike maatomu akafanana.

Dzangaradzimu - rinoreva "kuregedza kushanda"

Radon anonzi piyona of Chirungu yefizikisi Ernest Rutherford. Muna 1899 gore kwakaoneka kuti Formulations pachishandiswa rinorema thorium kunze α-inoramba emit munhu Hauoneki gasi, iyo inotungamirira vawedzere dzezvakatipoteredza radioactivity. The mutsvakurudzi rakarondedzera yekuita dzangaradzimu kuti thorium zvinhu (by dzangaradzimu (Lat) -. Wazvinenge) uye basa nemotokari tsamba izita Em. dzangaradzimu Similar inozivikanwa se Radium. Muchiitiko chokutanga, izvozvo inongorira gasi rinonzi thoron, rechipiri - radon.

Mune ramangwana, takakwanisa kuratidza kuti magasi vari radionuclides kuti chinhu chitsva. Simbisai payo yayo chaiyo muchimiro kekutanga akakwanisa wokuScotland kemisiti, vakawana mubayiro weNobel (1904) William Ramsay (pamwe Vitlou Gray) muna 1908. Pashure pemakore mashanu kwokupedzisira che zita aina radon uye zviratidzo Rn.

Chii radon?

In periodic table kwemakemikari zvinhu D. I. Mendeleeva radon ndiyo rechi18 boka. It ane mabhomba nhamba z = 86.

All huripo isotopes ose radon (kupfuura 35, pamwe vakawanda nhamba kubva 195 kusvika 230) vari radioactive uye vanomirira ngozi kuvanhu. Zvakasikwa, pane mhando ina kwemaatomu ari chinhu. Vose vari chikamu zvepanyama radioactive akatevedzana actinouranium, thorium uye uranium exchange - Radium. Mamwe isotopes vane mazita avo uye enhoroondo tsika, anonzi emanations:

• actinium - actinon ²¹⁹ Rn;
• thorium - ²²⁰ thoron Rn;
• Radium - radon ²²² Rn.

Last dzinoratidzwa chemhando pakusimba. The hafu-upenyu pamusoro radon ²²² Rn - maawa 91,2 (3.82 mazuva). Munguva rakadzikama mamiriro asara isotopes kunoyerwa mumasekonzi uye milliseconds. Vari kuora chete akabuda α-inoramba aumbwa isotopes pamusoro polonium. Panzira, kudzidza masayendisiti radon rokutanga akasangana siyana kwemaatomu ari ichocho anonzi isotopes uye zvadaro (kubva muchiGiriki "vakaenzana", "chete").

Mumuviri makemikari zvivako

Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, radon - gasi iri Hauoneki uye odorless, ane kuvapo unogona chete totsunga nokuda chaiwo namano. Density - 9,81 g / l. Ko panonyanyisa (mhepo vakareruka kupfuura 7.5 nguva), kuti rarest uye kupfuura zvinodhura ose anozivikanwa nyika magasi.

Hazvina soluble mumvura (460 Rine mamiririta / l), asi radon solubility iri yepamusoro zvikuru Organic yeimwe. Rine mugumisiro fluorescence kukonzerwa kumusoro dzinongoitika radioactivity. For gaseous uye mvura hurumende (panguva tembiricha pazasi -62˚S) maitiro luminescence yebhuruu, crystalline (pazasi -71˚S) - yero kana Orange-tsvuku.

Chemical characterization kuti radon nokuda kwayo kuva boka inert ( "vanokudzwa") magasi. Iye kunoratidzwa makemikari maitiro pamwe oxygen, fluorine uye vamwe halogens.

Ukuwo, kusagadzikana makirisito chinhu itsime yakakwirira simba nezvimedu impacting pamusoro zvinhu zvakawanda. Kuonana radon kunotungamirira staining regirazi uye porcelain, uchiora mvura oxygen, hydrogen ozone anoparadza Paraffin uye Vaseline, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Kuwana radon

Kuti agopfigira radon isotope skip pamusoro fuma zvakakwana ane Radium chimiro chimwe kana mumwe, mhepo murukova. Wevasungwa negasi muna ndege zvichashaya nezvinhu zvenyama zvinhu zvakawanda (mwando, tembiricha), kuti crystalline maumbirwo kwenyaya, akafanana, porosity, kufanana, uye anogona anosiyana kubva nezvikamu zviduku kusvikira 100%. Yemanyorero mhinduro anoshandiswa Radium chloride kana bromide mu hydrochloric acid. Solid porous zvinhu anoshandiswa ndoda kakawanda, kunyange zvazvo radon anosunungurwa panguva imwechete cleaner.

The zvichiguma gasi muvhenganiswa anatswa nemvura mhute, okisijeni uye rehydrogen, nokuisa kuburikidza rinopisa yemhangura afoot. Vakasara (1/25000 bhuku yepakutanga) yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mvura mhepo uye netsvina vanobviswa kubva condensate senitrogen, nehelium, uye anokudzwa magasi.

Kuona: yose nyika kwegore yakabereka mashomanana gumi cubic masendimita ari makemikari eremendi radon.

Distribution zvakasikwa

The nuclei pamusoro Radium, riri fission chibereko radon uyewo inoumbwa ne kuora kuti uranium exchange. Saka, chikuru tsime radon - nevhu uye zvicherwa ane uranium exchange uye thorium. The soro Kuwanda zvinhu izvi igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic matombo, shales mafic. Radon gasi nokuda inertia yavo nyore anosiya sekristaro yekamuri mamineral voids uye makatsemuka panyika nechepasi iri nyore kuratidzirwa kurei madaro vamire panze mumhepo.

Uyezve, pasi mizhplastovi mvura yokushambidza erudzi kwakadaro nyore nomuti radon. Radon mvura uye yakananga zvivako ayo anoshandiswa murume asati yawanikwa maatomu akafanana.

Shamwari kana muvengi?

Pasinei zviuru nyaya kwesayenzi uye dzakakurumbira zvakanyorwa pamusoro ichi radioactive gasi, mhinduro iri nyore kuti mubvunzo: "Chii radon uye chii kukosha kwayo kuti vanhu?" Zvakaoma. Pamberi vaongorori ano matambudziko dzinenge mbiri. Chokutanga ndechokuti mumunda radon mwaranzi panyaya mupenyu ndiye zvose kunokuvadza uye anobatsira maatomu akafanana. Wechipiri - kushaya rakavimbika kurekodha uye kuongorora nzira. Pari huripo radon michina mumhepo, kunyange ano uye anenge, kana akadzokorora kuyerwa vanogona nezvibereko kuti vanosiyana kakawanda.

Achingwarira, radon!

The chikuru dose nemwaranzi (pamusoro 70%) muupenyu munhu anowana kuburikidza nedanho dzinongoitika radionuclides, kusanganisira zvichiita nzvimbo ndezvaJehovha Hauoneki gasi radon. Zvichienderana nzvimbo yomugariro munhu chokugara mamiriro, "wedzera" ayo anogona kubva 30 kusvika 60%. Kugara uwandu kusagadzikana isotopes ngozi chinhu muchadenga vakaramba kuramba inflow nyika idzodzo. Radon ane risingafadzi pfuma kuunganidza mune dzinogarwa uye paruzhinji zvivako, apo ayo wevasungwa anogona kuwedzera vemakumi uye kakawanda. Nokuti munhu utano ngozi haisi zvaitova radioactive gasi sezvo reactive isotopes pamusoro polonium Po ²¹⁴ uye Po ^218, kunobva ayo disintegration. Ivo aiomerera mumuviri, achifurira nezvakwakaipira womukati α-nemwaranzi pamusoro tishu.

Mukuwedzera asthmatic yokurwiswa breathlessness uye mwoyo ehurumende, dzungu uye kutemwa nemusoro, zviri hwakazara kukura kenza yemapapu. Boka pangozi zvinosanganisira vashandi uranium exchange zvimbambaira uye mhangura-kupfeka zvinomera, dzezvokuputika kwemakomo, radonoterapevty hwevanhu vanotambudzika nzvimbo dzakakwirira radon nomukaka zviri pasi goko uye mvura chitubu, radon spas. Kuziva dzakadaro azvidavirire radon pangozi mepu vachishandisa Geological uye nemwaranzi-Utsanana nzira.

Kuona: zvinonzi vaidavira kuti kuona radon chagumbura nekenza yemapapu muna 1916, wokuScotland mutsvakurudzi William Ramsay maatomu akafanana izvi.

Security nzira

Mumakore gumi adarika, vachitevera muenzaniso vavakidzani Western vaida antiradon chiitiko vakatanga kupararira munyika yaimbova Kishi. Paiva mitemo (SanPiN 2.6.1., The pamwe kwavanoita 2.6.1.) With pachena zvinodiwa kuti pave nemwaranzi yakachengeteka vemo.

The chikuru zviyero ivhu gasi kudzivirirwa uye zviwanikwa manyuko nemwaranzi dzinosanganisira:

• Yakanyatsoiswa pamusoro yevhu pevhu yematanda Uriri monolithic kongiri rakanyorwa ane MacAdam chawo uye yakavimbika mvura.
• Kupa kunowedzera kufefetedza bhesimendi uye bhesimendi nzvimbo, kufefetedza zvivako dzinogarwa.
• Mvura inoyerera kupinda mukicheni uye zvimbudzi, anofanira pasi chaiwo Sefa, uye makamuri pachavo vari vakapakata kumanikidzwa chiutsi namano.

Radiomeditsina

Chii radon, madzitateguru edu haana kuziva, asi vamabhiza vane Genghis Khan achiri mbiri akaporesa maronda avo mvura manyuko Belokurikha (Altai), nomuti negasi ichi. Chokwadi chokuti microdozes radon kunobatsirawo kwevanhu dzinokosha mapazi uye epfungwa. Kuonana radon mvura ukurumidze muviri, vachibvumira ukama munyama kupora mhanyisa, zvakajairika mwoyo kushanda uye kufamba kweropa, kunosimbisa nemidziyo ropa.

kumatunhu Resorts pagomo Caucasus (Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk), Austria (Gastein), Czech Republic (Jachymov, Karlovy Siyanisa), Germany (Baden-Baden), Japan (misasa) kare vainakidzwa zvakakodzera mukurumbira uye mukurumbira. Modern mushonga kunze radon dzokugezera inopa kurapwa muchimiro kudiridzwa, inhalation, pasi yakaoma pokudzora kwakakodzera nyanzvi.

Basa revanhu

Zvezvinotaurwa radon gasi haringorevi mushonga mumwe chete. Mano isotopes ane chinhu adsorption iri zvinowanzoshandiswa zvokuvakisa nokuyerwa ukuru nonuniformity pakati hukawanika simbi Decorating. In kugadzirwa simbi uye negirazi radon zvinoshanda kudzora chokubuda kwendangariro. Nacho unotakurwa pachishandiswa Masiki uye kwemakemikari kudzivirira idonhe.

In geophysics, zvemaumbirwo uye nzira dzakawanda kutsvaka uye Kuwanikwa chicherwa deposits uye radioactive ores kwakavakirwa kushandisa radon ongororo. Maererano wevasungwa pakati isotopes ose radon muvhu anogona kutongwa pamusoro permeability uye arambe achirema padombo idzodzo. Radon vachiongorora mamiriro ezvinhu anotarira vaizotibata panyaya vachifanotaura kwepasi ramangwana.

Tinovimba kuti akaipa migumisiro radon vanhu vachiri kurarama uye radioactive chinhu achaunza munyika kwevanhu chete zvinobatsira.