Chii chinonzi rudiment? Zvokuvamba uye atavism - quirks zvakasikwa kana uchapupu shanduka?

Chii chinonzi rudiment? Chikamu ichi chirimwa kana mhuka muviri, hauchafambi anoita dzayo basa, izvo Mwari akaronga. Zvipenyu muwanze vestigial zvivako, uye kudzidza inopa mamwe mikana kuratidza shanduka.

Mienzaniso zvokuvamba vari mhuka nyika

Ndezvipi zvokuvamba? Mienzaniso anogona kuwanikwa pose pose. Somuenzaniso, voikukkien, kunyange ivo bereka pasina fertilization, vachiri maruva uye chimiro nepfuma. Pakati zvipembenene zvinogona kuwanikwa flightless zvipembenene, izvo zvakazara vakaumba mapapiro zvakavigwa pasi yakasimba fused elytra.

Zvinokambaira dzakadai pythons, vachiri vane vestigial chiuno, kwete vasiyana vertebrae (sezvinoitwa vertebrates dzakawanda) - nayo chete floats iri abdominal mhango. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti nyoka hwakabva mana-makumbo marefu nezvinokambaira. Vamwe madzvinyu vari wokugaya, makumbo vestigial pasi ganda ravo kuti vari imperceptible kubva kunze.

Mhuka dzakawanda vane meso wokugaya. Somuenzaniso, bako pemvura vagari akadai hove (Mexican tetra uye salamander marudzi Typhlotriton spelaeus uye Proteus anguinus), bofu, asi vane meso wokugaya vestigial. Meso Mexican tetra vane izvo chinopedza the retina uye optic tsinga. Mapofu salamanders vane meso pamwe vadzidzi kuti kunze chiedza chiri Akanyatsovharwa kukotsira.

Hove huru vane vestigial chiuno uye makumbo hadzi. Mapfupa gumbo varipo ari mutumbi shato huru, asi haana kuda vamwe marangwanda. Asi, ivo kunongova wakazopinzwa mhuka tishu. Zviri testamendi kuti Kushanduka hove huru kubva madzitateguru pano, pamwe matambudziko kurasikirwa hadzi yayo uye chiuno. All kuti anoramba wokugaya vemazuva hove huru, ndiye zvasara zvivako izvi.

dzevanhu zvisaririra

Chii chinonzi rudiment? Chikamu ichi muviri wakati aparadzwa shanduka chinangwa chacho yakananga, akadai vanhu okuwedzera, izvo kamwe vakashumira chinokosha basa, uye iye zvino anoita zvakawanda kukuvadza pane zvakanaka. The coccyx ndiyo vakasara muswe mapfupa madzitateguru primates - chinhu residual chikamu embryonic muswe, riri kuumbwa muviri, uye ipapo yaora uye "kudyiwa" maererano zvirwere. Asi vamwe vanhu vachiri, kunyange apo neapo, anoberekwa aine miswe (atavism).

Vamwe vanhu vanogona chifambisa nzeve dzavo, kunyange zvazvo pfuma iyi tinoberekwa katsi nedzimwe mhuka uye zvinodiwa localization mazwi apo kuvhima. Madzitateguru vevanhu anozivikanwa kunge herbivorous, uye meno Paidiwa kuti kutsenga uye kukuya chirimwa zvokudya. Vanopfuura 90% vanhu vakuru vose vane anonzi uchenjeri mazino. maturo meno aya dzimwe nguva kukura zvakanaka uye inogona kukonzera kurwadziwa. Kazhinji vanhu kungoti kubvisa pavo.

The pakuonekwa "hanzi anorovera" kwevanhu uyewo wokugaya chiratidzo. Izvi zvakaitwa Kazhinji kunoitika apo chando kana anotya. Tsandanyama mujinga nerimwe bvudzi vanoita kusimudza vhudzi kumusoro. In mhuka, basa uyu yakabatana kupisa chengetedzo. Dambudziko iroro rirege kuitika kana mhuka iri mungozi. Panguva ino, 'Mirai-up mbava "anobvumira chikara kutarisa zvikuru vanotyisa uye kwakakwidibira.

Uchapupu husingarambiki kuti kushanduka

zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti neimwe mhuka ane rakasiyana Pedigree ekudzidza mureza phylogenetic muti. Mumwe muviri ane yakasiyana nhevedzano nevakawanda madzitateguru unobatanidza izvozvo navo. Zvinofanira kutarisirwa kuti zvinenge zviri hweizvi Pedigree nhoroondo. Chii chinonzi rudiment? In zvipenyu, ichi anatomical uye samolecular zvinhu zviri non-dzichipfekeka.

Chii chinonzi rudiment? Somuenzaniso, mapapiro shiri dziri chaizvo kunzwisisa anatomical nemaonero, zvivako, zvikuru chinangwa nokuda Powered kutiza, asi pane dzinobhururuka kupiwa. A muenzaniso unoshamisa - namazizi mapapiro anogona nechivimbo kunzi vestigial zvomukati, sezvo havadikanwi yokutizira, asi kuti vaite apo achimhanya uye kuberekesana vachitamba.

gahadziko masayendisiti

Vestigial hurongwa kuguma kuvhiringidzika zvakasikwa munhoroondo. Izvi mubvunzo vanofarira masayendisiti asati Darwin pakutanga zvinganaka ake nokudenga dzidziso kwakabva marudzi. masayendisiti pfungwa XVIII-XIX remakore zhinji, dzakadai Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), Georges-Lui Leklerk, Contea di Buffon (1707-1788) uye Zhorzh Kyuve (1769-1832) vave kudzidza dambudziko iri.

makore makumi matanhatu pamberi Bhuku "The Origin of Species," Darwin, ari inozvikudza nyanzvi French kuripo Geoffroy Saint Hilaire (1772-1844) akataura nyaya vestigial mapapiro ane Mhou uye cassowary. Akanga ari kurasikirwa nei zvakasikwa nguva dzose anosiya "anotaura mumuviri," riri isingachadiwi. Makore gumi gare gare, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) akapa tsanangudzo vamwe vestigial hurongwa yake "Zoological Philosophy".

atavism

Atavism mamwe maitiro kuri kuti boka duku zvipenyu. Mienzaniso inosanganisira muswe kwevanhu (coccygeal fungidziro), mamwe kana webbed minwe, zvemamiriro hairiness, sublingual tsandanyama mune imbwa uye zvichingodaro. Vamwe majini Somuenzaniso, pasi panguva mwana, anongoti deactivated pashure pokuberekwa. Ndezvipi zvokuvamba uye atavism? Izvi ndizvo chaizvo muromo iceberg uchapupu yemhindumupindu.

Atavism unhu ndiwo:

1) pamberi vakura nguva youpenyu;

2) kusavapo zviratidzo mubereki kana madzitateguru achangodarika;

3) kukurusa husiri nyore kuwana ari vemo.

Mumwe kunoshamisa zvikuru atavism vari miswe dzevanhu. Vamwe vari nyoro, rine chete tsandanyama, tsinga uye utano hwake. Dzimwe nguva kungava chipo shwashwa. miswe izvi zvinogona kubviswa surgically. By Atavisms inosanganisira zvakawanda minyatso (2-x).

Puzzles-shanduka

Chii chiri pedzidziso dzekutanga zvipenyu? It Zviremera, vakarasikirwa chinangwa chavo zvakananga uye vari hatichisiri kuzadzikisa zvavo zvakananga mabasa. Kana zvinenge zvose wakaburuka kubva kuzitateguru, ipapo kurasikirwa kana pakuunganidza kuti akasiyana-siyana uye ezvirevo kunokonzerwa dzakaitika macroevolution.