Cruise chombo "Tomahawk": kare, tsananguro, unhu

Mushure Second World War pamusoro Western Fleet kwakasimbiswa zvikuru yakaoma ezvinhu. Kudivi rimwe, vakawanda vavo vakanga vasina matambudziko. Kune vamwe - takava matambudziko avo Qualitative sezvamunoita. Panguva iyoyo, nyika yedu wakaonekwa zvikepe pamwe chombo zvombo simba, nepo pakanga pasina yakadai pedyo uye masimba dzokuMadokero. Hwaro rengarava yavo zvikepe, vakabata kare atirari hurongwa uye torpedoes.

Panguva iyoyo, akatarisa anotyisa anachronism. The chete Kusara ndiyo ngarawa (zvikabva yedu keriya ndege) "Long Beach" uye renyukireya akaendesa ndege "Enterprise". Ndokusaka pane kuguma 60s vakatanga kwokupisa basa kusikwa kudzorwa rwendo zvombo, izvo zvave kukwanisa zvinoshamisa kuvandudza kurwa vanokwanisa pakati fleets. Saka akaberekwa zvine mapapiro chitundumuseremusere "Tomahawk".

The kuedza kutanga

Chokwadi, basa mirayiridzo iri zvakaitwa pamberi iyoyo, saka kuti ivhu vokutanga vakauya nokukurumidza zvakakwana, tava kwakavakirwa nekaupenyu ekare mazano. Wokutanga chaizvo mumwe aiva chombo caliber 55 nemainji dzokushandisa ne launchers se "Polaris" yakanga yatova vaifungidzira mudyandigere. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti uchakwanisa kubhururuka kuti 3,000 mamaira. Kushandiswa zvisingachashandi launchers akabvumira kuita "ropa shoma" apo retrofitting ngarava akare.

Musimboti wechipiri kwazova Petite 21 padiki caliber chitundumuseremusere akaronga kumhanya achibva Avangard Ngarava dzepasi pemvura. Rakanga vaifungidzira kuti iyi nyaya kuwanda achava anenge 1,500 mamaira. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuti rwendo chombo (US) "Tomahawk" aizova kwehwamanda kadhi kuti aizobvumira tyisidzira zvikepe yeSoviet. Ko kuva kuAmerica kuzadzisa chinangwa chavo? Ngationei.

kwikwidza vakundi

Muna 1972 (the tisaone nokukurumidza, nenzira) watopiwa akasarudzwa yokupedzisira shanduro launcher pasi idzva rwendo zvombo. Zvino pakupedzisira akabvuma urongwa kwavo oga mugungwa Achivakira. Muna January, hurumende basa akatotanga kusarudzwa maviri vaizotibata zvikuru musarudzo kuita renguva pamwero miedzo. Yokutanga munhu akanyorera yaizivikanwa kugadzirwa kambani General Dynamics.

Yakanga muenzaniso UBGM-109A. Mharidzo yechipiri yakabudiswa zvishoma kuzivikanwa (uye lobbied zvakaipa) kambani LTV: chitundumuseremusere UBGM-110A. Muna 1976 vakatanga kuedza kuburikidza kumhanya mienzaniso kumhanya muchikepe yepasi pemvura. Kazhinji, hapana yepamusoro pemisara, uye akaita hakuna chakavanzika kuti vakundi kare kuzivikanwa asipo 109A womuenzaniso.

mazano matsva

Mukutanga March, State Commission akasarudza kuti US rwendo chombo "Tomahawk" uchave huru geji US pemvura ngarava. Makore mana gare gare, akaita kushanda zvikabva muchikepe USS wokutanga. Muna June ndege iyi vabudirire miedzo chombo chinoita zvokukandwa chikepe shanduro vakapfuura chete gore. Chaiva chiitiko chikuru munhoroondo nhoroondo yose zvikepe, sezvo raiva rokutanga pakuparurwa kubva yepasi pemvura. Mumakore matatu akatevera zvombo zvitsva chaizvo kudzidza uye vaedzwa, yakabereka anenge zana Zara.

Muna 1983, nePentagon yakazivisa kuti itsva rwendo chombo "Tomahawk" zvizere kuongororwa uye akagadzirira pakatanga akatevedzana kugadzirwa. Panenge panguva taiva chipatapata mumhuri kuitika muminda akafanana. Tinofunga kuti iwe uchava kuziva kuziva nezveukama mabasa mumhuri michina uye nezvombo zvinogona muvengi kweHondo Yemashoko. Saka, rwendo zvombo "Tomahawk" uye "Caliber" kuenzanisa.

Tichienzanisa "Caliber"

• Hull urefu pasina kutanga akisarareta ( "Tomahawk" / "Gauge") - 5.56 / 7,2 m.
• Kureba kubva kutanga gudzazwi - 6.25 / 8.1 m.
• Mapapiro - 2.67 / 3,3 m.
• Kurema dzisiri yenyukireya warheads - makirogiramu 450 (US / RF).
• Nuclear Power musimboti - 150 / 100-200 KT.
• Flight havukavu rwendo zvombo "Tomahawk" - 0,7 M.
• Mwero "Caliber" - 0,7 M.

Asi haugoni kuita inonzwisisika fananidzo kutiza kwaasingasvikiri. Chokwadi kuti zvombo US Army zvose zvitsva nezvitsaru okunatsiridza zvombo. Older akashongedzerwa chete ane warhead yenyukireya uye inogona kubhururuka kusvika 2.6 zviuru. Km. New nebere kwakajairika warheads, chikuva rwendo, "Tomahawk" zvombo zviri 1,6 zviuru. Km. Domestic "gauges" anogona kutakura zvose mhando toppings, chikuva iri 2.5 / 1,5 fung. Km azvaitwa. Kazhinji, izvi chakarurama maoko nokurondedzerwa kushanda haana kumbosiyana.

Izvi ndizvo ichazivikanwa rwendo zvombo "Tomahawk" uye "Caliber". Enzanisa kwavari zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvose mhando zvombo vakakomberedza zvakafanana. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nokukurumidza. America nguva dzose akati kuti nhamba iyi zvitundumuseremusere yavo yakakwirira. Asi zvichangobva mazuvaano ari "Caliber" haana kubhururuka nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva.

Basic nokurondedzerwa

The chiratidzazvizhinji itsva zvombo rakatakurwa ndege monoplane zano. Housing cylindrical fairing ogival chimiro. Bapiro inogona akapeta uye recessed rinokosha mupanda, iri nechepakati chikamu chitundumuseremusere, yaiva shure muchinjikwa stabilizer. In anogadzira zvinhu embodiments siyana dzimba dziri aruminiyamu alloys, epoxy nebwe kabhoni faibha. Vose vane zvikuru pasi chokubuda kuramba nokuti pakukurumidza "Tomahawk" rwendo chombo chaizvo. Chero "roughness" kana maitiro akadaro kune ngozi nekuti dzimba kungangoratidza kuwira kutama.

To maximally kuderedza maonero ari mudziyo nokuda locators pamusoro pepasi dzimba kushandisa rinokosha unhani. Kazhinji, panyaya iyi, rwendo zvombo "Tomahawk" (mapikicha izvo muchaona munyaya) zviri nani kupfuura makwikwi. Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzinobvumirana kuti yemamiriro basa namano radar ndohwaJehovha ndege muenzaniso, umo chombo unofurwa napo kushandisa zviri kwenzvimbo, uye shoma yakakwirira.

unhu Warhead

Mukuru "anosimbisa" ari chombo ndiye W-80 warhead. kurema kwayo ndiko 123 makirogiramu, urefu - imwe meter, dhayamita masendimita 30 Maximum simba kurerutsa -. 200 KT. Kuputika kunoitika pashure zvakananga nevanhu chinangwa fiyuzi. Kana kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya dhayamita nhare kuparadzwa ari dzine vakawanda nzvimbo inogona kusvika makiromita matatu.

Chimwe chezvinhu chinokosha chinosiyanisa munhu rwendo chombo "Tomahawk" yakakwirira chaizvo zvigunwe zvakarurama, nokuda izvo zvombo anokwanisa kurova diki kadikidiki uye achifambisa kunangwa. Mukana uyu anobva 0,85 kusvika 1.0 (zvichienderana nekutumirwa kwemauto uye pokutangira nzvimbo). Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, rakarurama "Tomahawk" rwendo chombo chaizvo. warhead Non-yenyukireya ane mamwe dzokurwa kuboora matanho zvingasanganisira ayo sezvamunoita kuna 166 BOM caliber diki. Kurema mumwe mutariri hazvisi 1.5 makirogiramu, vose vari 24 netambo.

Kuzvidzora hurongwa uye kukanganiswa

High nemazvo kukanganiswa inopiwa basa akabatana dzakawanda telemetry enyika:

• The nyore vavo - inertia.
• Nokuti kutevera payaipfuura napo anoti TERCOM hurongwa.
• Service Electro-Manyiminya DSMAC tichisunga achibvumira chaizvo nemazvo wavanozvisunga chombo kubhururuka zvinosvika chinangwa.

Details of kuzvidzora nematunhu

The nyore kwava inertia. Kurema michina iri 11 makirogiramu, kunoshanda chete pamusoro nesekondari chokutambudzika kutiza. Zvinosanganisira: pamusoro-bhodhi kombiyuta, imwe inertial chikuva uye zvakanaka nyore altimeter, iyo yakavakirwa yakavimbika chaicho. Three gyro tsunga kutsauka ukoshi chombo muviri kubva akafanorongerwa kosi uye zvitatu accelerometers, hwaishandiswa pamusoro-bhodhi zvemagetsi zvakarurama anoona kumhanyisa pamusoro accelerations. Oga, ino kunoita kuti kuchinja mwero anenge 800 metres paawa kuti kutiza.

Apo yakavimbika uye yakarurama DSMAC, iyo vane zvemberi shanduro rwendo zvombo "Tomahawk BGM 109 A». Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nokushanda zvokushandisa ichi pakuyeuka midziyo inofanira kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo dzakatakura ine digitized ongororo yacho pamusoro izvo kuchabhururuka Tomahawk. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti tikaisa tichisunga kwete chete kuti batanidza, asiwo kune mamiriro enzvimbo. zano iri, sezvinei, anoshandisa haangogoni US rwendo zvombo "Tomahawk", asi mudzimba "Granite".

Information pamusoro nzira uye zvinomera vanotanga

On ngarava nokuti okuchengetera uye nezvekutanga zvombo ichi mhando rinogona kushandiswa dzose Avangard uye chinokosha kutanga wehunyambiri mugodhi (maererano yepasi pemvura). Kana pamusoro zvikepe, ipapo vari vakatasva mudziyo launchers. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chikepe rwendo chombo "Tomahawk", isu funga hunhu ayo zvikachenge- chaiyo simbi Kamudzira kuitwa "conserved" mukuru kumanikidzwa senitrogen rukoko.

Storage pasi izvi ezvinhu kwete chete kunobatsira inonzi kwagara oparesheni mudziyo kwemwedzi 30 chete, asi kuti akaiisa zvisingatomboiti Avangard mugodhi pasina kugadziriswa matsva zvakagadzirwa.

Features simba mudziyo

On American Ngarava dzepasi pemvura ine mana mureza Avangard sepombi. Ivo dziri mbiri kurutivi rumwe norumwe. The angled - 10-12 madhigirii, iyo inokwanisa kuita Avangard siyana ane kunonyanyisa kudzika. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza ari telltale zvinhu. Pipe neimwe chikwata ine zvikamu zvitatu. Sezvo mudzimba Avangard zvimbambaira, US zvombo iri kutsigira rollers uye vatungamiriri. Shooting ndiye anosarudza zvichienderana hwomukova kana rava kuvharwa pachifunhiro charo Unit, iro haikwani "kupfurwa kumusoro" apo Avangard zvakaputika zvikuru yepasi pemvura.

On seri Avangard ane kuona hwindo kuburikidza paunogona kuongorora zvinodiwa kwayo mhango uye hurumende michini, kumanikidza geji. Ikokowo dzakabatanidzwa kugumisa chikepe wacho zvemagetsi, izvo anodzora muitiro kuzarura mudziyo cover, kuvhara dzavo uye pakarepo kutanga-up muitiro. Cruise chombo "Tomahawk" (ayo unhu unogona kuverenga nyaya) iri vanogumurwa kubva zvangu nokuda nokushanda kune hydraulic actuators. Mumwe humburumbira ari yakaiswa pamusoro mudziyo ose maviri kurutivi rumwe norumwe, kunoshanda sezvinotevera:

• Chokutanga, hurongwa uchaguta imwe Vhoriyamu compressed mhepo, iyo anoita panguva imwe chete riri tsvimbo hydraulic humburumbira.
• Nokuda kwaizvozvo, anotanga kupa mvura iri mhango Avangard.
• Sezvo vari kukurumidza vakazadzwa mvura, neshure chikamu, ari mhango iri pressurized, yakakwana ejection chitundumuseremusere kana Avangard.
• The yose Murongerwo yakaitwa kuitira kuti panguva imwe chete chete jekiseni tangi inogona zvakabatana mudziyo mumwe chete (ndiko kuti, vaviri kumativi ose). Kanoita asiri yunifomu zvinodiwa Avangard zvimbambaira in.

Sezvatakamboreva, mune nyaya pamusoro zvikepe anoshandiswa vertically dzinongoda kanda canisters. Kana kwavo, pane ari kudzinga upfu nokuchengeta, izvo anobvumira vamwe kuwedzera ndege Range rwendo chombo "Tomahawk" nokuponesa kwake upenyu aimuchengeta injini.

Management vachiridzira urongwa

Nokuti kuita regadziriro nhanho dzose uye, chaizvoizvo, kutanga-kumusoro, vane basa kwete chete vakamira pabasa nezvokurara, asi moto kudzora mamiriro (aka CMS). yenhengo dzayo anoiswa mukati Avangard mukamuri uye pamusoro zambuko. Chokwadi, kupa kuti atange basa chete kubva nechepakati nzvimbo. Pane vo wandisa mano, vachiratidza zvechadenga chitundumuseremusere uye kugadzirira yayo-chaicho nguva kanda.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa chinhu chinokosha American wengarava kubatana. Vanoshandisa kunzwisisa zvoga maitiro kugadziriswa uye kusangana. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mumwe Ngarava dzepasi pemvura shoma uye pamusoro zvikepe, izvo vakanga rwendo zvombo "Tomahawk", chokupika unhu izvo zvinowanikwa munyaya, ave ari "Muviri" kuroorwa uye kusunungura zvombo uku kunangwa rinenge panguva imwe chete. Tichifunga mukuru ndingangokuvara kurova kunyange chikepe kana boka nepanyika muvengi ane simba uye layered kuzvidzivirira gadziriro vachange zvinenge zvirokwazvo muchaparadzwa.

Nezvekutanga munhu rwendo chombo

Pashure kutambira hurongwa kutanga preflight kugadzirira kunotanga, izvo zvinofanira kutora hapana kupfuura maminitsi 20. Panguva iyoyowo kumanikidzwa ari Avangard chubhu rinofananidzwa ne kuti pamusoro kunyudza udzamu kuti vomurova zvombo pasina kumbovhiringidza.

Nokupinda zvakafanira zvose mashoko ari kuita vachiridzira. Kana chiratidzo achatorwa, hydraulic achisunda chombo chinoita zvokukandwa kubva yangu. Pamusoro pemvura nguva dzose unoenda pazasi anenge 50 madhigirii yorusvingo, riri kubudirira sezvo pamusana Kudzikamiswa hurongwa. Tichangotanga itangezve Pyrocartridges fairings vari amuudza mapapiro uye stabilizers, boosters yaisanganisira.

Panguva ino chombo chinoita zvokukandwa ane nguva nendege kune imwe kukwira kweinenge 600 M pamusoro huru mugove kutiza nzira hakurevi kusapfuudza kukwirira 60 metres, uye nokukurumidza -. Anosvika 885 km / h. Chokutanga, mazano uye Gengi kugadziridzwa kunopa inertial hurongwa.

The upgrading

Nhasi America kushanda nguva kuwedzera ndege siyana kamwe matatu kana mana zviuru makiromita. Budirira zviratidzo izvi zviri kurongwa kuburikidza nokushandisa itsva michini, rinochiwedzera, uye yokuderedza uremu yacho chitundumuseremusere pachayo. Nechekare tsvakurudzo pamusoro pokumuka zvinhu zvitsva kwakavakirwa kabhoni faibha yanyatsosimba mapurasitiki, izvo simba chaizvo uye chiedza, asi zviri zvakachipa zvakakwana kuitira kuti dzikwanise kumhanya vakawanda kugadzirwa.

Chechipiri, anoronga yekudyidzana kuvandudza rakarurama kukanganiswa. Kuti uite izvi zvinotarisirwa nokuda Implementation pakati magadzirirwo idzva chitundumuseremusere zviumbu anokonzera chairo Satellite Positioning.

Chechitatu, vokuAmerica haana kuyeuka kuwedzera kudzama kumhanyira 60 metres kuti (kanenge) kuti 90-120 mamita. Kana ivo vanobudirira, kuti atange-up "Tomahawk" uchanyatsotsunga zvakaoma kuona. Zvinofanira akati kuti mumhuri vagadziri dziri kushanda rinenge chete mabasa, asi pazvinhu "Granite" yedu. Uyezve, basa iri pasi nzira munzvimbo kuderedza radar siginicha zvombo uye countermeasures kuzvidavirira.

Chinangwa ichi, zvinonzi vakaronga kushandisa kupfuura simba makombiyuta kushanda pamwe ayo ruzha kudzvinyirira namano. Kana izvi zvose zvichava kushanda zvakaoma, uyewo pakukurumidza achawedzerwa, ari "Tomahawk" anogona zvinobudirira kupfuura vazhinji echelon mhepo kudzivirira hurongwa.

Unique mukana KR ano American kugadzirwa zvingangoguma kushandiswa kwavo UAV: asi chitundumuseremusere inogona kubhururuka nezvechinangwa inozoshandisirwa kwete zvishoma pane 3.5 maawa, panguva iyo nguva transmits ose mashoko kudzora centre.

rwisana chikumbiro

Nokuti kokutanga zvombo zvitsva dzaishandiswa chaizvo panguva wakashata "Operation Desert Storm", iro yakatangwa muna 1991 uye akanga kunangana nehurumende Iraq. On Ngarava dzepasi pemvura uye zvikepe kumusoro-mvura rengarava muAmerica vatanga 288 "Tomahawk". Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pane 85% wavo makawana chakataurwa zvinangwa. Mukurwisana nezvombo zvakawanda, chokuita United States kubvira muna 1991 kusvika nguva ino ivo vakapedza kanenge 2,000 rwendo zvombo okunatsiridza siyana. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo yaishandiswa non-yenyukireya chete munitions.