Chii nzanga muRussia yekare?

Historians vanodzidza chii munharaunda kuRussia yekare, emit mhando mbiri evanhu mapoka - omumaguta uye okumaruwa. Vakararama ruzhinji vanhu East necheSalvic mamiriro.

kumaruwa

Vomumusha in Ancient Rus vaiita mhuka uye hove hove uye, chokwadi, kurima munda. Vanhu vaigara kure nemisha nemisha vakabatana kuti nyore kukura mupfumi yokukohwa, uye kubhadhara mitero machinda. Chii nzanga, kana tinoshandisa mashoko nguva? tambo uyu. Regai kufunga pfungwa iyi nzvimbo chivakwa ngarava. Verwey akagamuchira zita nekuda tambo nako delimits nyika.

Ndiyo mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti chii vemunharaunda. Mumwe tambo ingasanganisira misha inoverengeka. Paavhareji kure pakati munharaunda yaiva makiromita anenge 30.

Vose Nyika Kushandiswa yave ndozvakajairwa vose Ages kunyika iyo pakanga paine munda, asi mamiriro zvokurima akaramba ari kumbonyanya chikuru pamwero (nyore maturusi uye zvichingodaro. D.) Panguva iyoyowo, nharaunda maitiro akanga dzinokodzera simba yomuchinda. Vateresi (navateresi, Tiunov) raiva nyore zvikuru kutaura boka guru varimi pane mhuri dzinoverengeka nomumwe.

nevamwe zvinhu

An chinokosha necheSalvic vemunharaunda vari kuva ichi kana kuti ndima. Tsika iyi zvakajeka chinoratidza kukosha kumaruwa, kwete mhando (sezvazvakanga zvakaita mune mamwe marudzi panguva iyoyo). Kuti tinzwisise kuti nzanga iri, tarisai mazita amarudzi mibatanidzwa pakati Eastern Slavs. Glade akawana zita ravo kubva chokwadi kuti vaigara muminda, drevlyans kugara rizere mumasango, mumatenhere miti, uye zvichingodaro. D.

dzekare vose vakadzidza chii munharaunda muMiddle Ages, akasimbisa kukosha miganhu musimboti, rakafanana zvinotaurwa wokurera ari dzokumaruwa vanovatsigira.

Wakaenzana nhengo Verviers

kukosha mhando havabvumirwi mberi mberi siyana nemhuri mhuri. Kunyange zvishoma nezvishoma vapfume munharaunda uye kuwedzera kwezvinhu mukati kwavari haanamati mukuru kusaruramisira. Benefits anoparadzirwa nehasha zvakafanana pakati penhengo dzose Verviers.

nzira iyi youpenyu akachengetedzwa pakati Slavs emakore. Imhaka ichi vanhu Russian nguva dzose nechokwadi uye asingatenderi vaikara grabbers iyo upfumi kwainyanya kukosha. Yokubatana uye mwero mumba - kuti munharaunda.

Ratios munharaunda

The pamusoro-akatsanangura ukama mumusha akanga akatsiga zvikuru. Vaisabvumirwa kuva "capitalism" muruwa, apo mumwe aiwana pachake. Mukupesana, kwoutsinye okunze akawanda nhengo Rus akamanikidza Verweij mhenyu divi-ne-divi uye kutarisira mumwe ari chiitiko zvirimwa kukundikana.

Upenyu murimi mudiki akanga zvachose novimba sei anorimwa zvirimwa. Kana hondo diki chando kana rishaye migumisiro basa rake, tambo akauya kubatsira vashandi sei zvakadaro. Enzanisa: mu Europe zvokurima ukama vakanga vakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, mune Ages England pane kwagara kirasi varombo vanhuwo zvavo - varombo.

Hondo pamwe boyars

Kutozosvikira XIV remakore, vanhuwo zvavo havana kupa cohesion madzishe kuwana zvose zvokurima nyika munyika. Ichi chinokosha munzanga boka pamberi pedu kamwe zvakare anoratidza munharaunda munhoroondo yeMiddle Ages, uye chii chiri kukosha. Paaiva Russia akaramba yekare, European capitalism kwakaparadza nomumwe mapurazi akawanda.

varimi Western kugona kuvaka nzanga simba kuti aizodzivirira zvavanoda, nokuti predominance ose dzokumaruwa ukama mumusha. izvi zvose zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti vapfumi feudal madzishe zvishoma nezvishoma varibatanidze zvose varombo. In Rus yekare 'hazvina kuitika nokuda cohesion Verwey. Kunyange zvikuru dzakaoma hurumende haina rusununguko rwechitendero varimi. Mune imwe nyaya akaipisisa Grocery wakawedzera mutero mari vaiva nechepakati (somuenzaniso, muKiev kana Vladimir). Asi Europe panguva ino kare kwose rokumanikidzirwa basa panguva Manor madzishe akaparadzirwa. Saka vapfumi hwokushandisa vakasununguka nebasa vanhuwo zvavo, kukura kusimba nokuwedzera musiyano vapfumi nevarombo.

Support machinda

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, murimi mudiki nharaunda kuRussia, uyewo akadzivirira simba muchinda wacho. Vatongi zvemisoro akagoverwa kunyika muranda wake muchiuto, nepo Europe akatenga maturakiti makuru vapfumi NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi uye earls. The simba roumambo rakanga simba, uye hapana aigona Musadzivisa ichi dzinongoitika muitiro. MuRussia, vatongi, kwete kuda kunetesa nzvimbo yayo, vakapiwa vatongi vari pasi (the boyars) shoma munyika.

Rurik haana kubvumira vanhu vake kubvuta murimi mudiki vomunharaunda, apo tiine mwero mumusha, kubva izvo zvaienderana zvokudya rose mamiriro. Dzemunharaunda ukama pakati vemumusha uye nevanokudzwa vaiva enshrined mu "Chokwadi Russian" - kuva kwechiSlavonic Mitemo akapfuura pasi Yaroslav vachenjeri. Gwaro akataura mukuru murayiro feudal muchinda kutongwa kushatirwa kwamaitira munharaunda.

Lyudin uye smerdy

Cheteyo Kuvapo vakasununguka uye unfree vanhuwo zvavo - ichi ndechimwe chinhu chinotibatsira kuziva chii munharaunda kuRussia yekare. Musiyano uyu pakati vomumusha kunyange rakabayirwa mutauro. Free vanhuwo zvavo akadana Lyudin neshamwari - paanofa. Ekupedzisira vaitova enzvimbo muchinda - vaishanda panyika uye basa rake basa vakatakurwa nyasha dzake.

"Chokwadi Russian" zviri pamutemo anosimbisa dzisakarurama mamiriro vemunharaunda (nokuti kuvauraya chirango 40 Hryvnia) uye serfs (chirango kurasikirwa upenyu hwakanga 5 Euro). Criminal mhosva tiri kurangwa machinda dare. Saka, ngatirambei zvino, kufungisisa chinhu ichi, edza kuzoumba chii munharaunda kuRussia yekare. Definition hako kuti unenge vakasununguka vanhuwo zvavo, serfs akararama nani zvikuru, vari kunze munharaunda.

City vemunharaunda

Medieval guta Russian - mumwe evanhu mamiriro ezvinhu, pasina pakudzidza riri zvakaoma kutsanangura kuti munharaunda iri. Maererano munhoroondo wenyaya iyi vari mugiredhi 6. Vana vanofanira kuziva kuti paiva makuru nemisha iri nyika Eastern Slavs ari IX remakore. Ivo nevamwe vanhuwo misha unodzivirira masvingo zvakafanira kuti kudzivirira mauto muvengi uye anongofamba. Simba Maguta aya akatambanudza pamusoro rakapoteredza. Vakadaidzwa "nyika" kana "Township".

Pakutanga kwezana necheSalvic statehood madhorobha munharaunda hazvo kudzorwa imwe Chamber - Assembly vanhu. Kodzero kuvhota ane mushanyi ose akadaro chiitiko. Hazvishamisi kuti akakwegura Rus uye zvino vaitirei democratic nyika, apo chisarudzo vanhu kazhinji akamira pamusoro kuda muchinda. Kunyanya chinozikamwa waiva musimboti muna Veliky Novgorod, apo Chamber yaiva musimboti woupenyu enyika kusvikira 1478, apo nyika yose yakanga yakatora kuna Muscovy.

Asi kereke akakurumbira akanga zvainovhiringidzawo ayo. Heterogeneity pamusoro pokutanga uye kushaya kwegadziriro vhoti yakajeka akaitwa kwakatungamirira kuti kwaita unopinza kukakavadzana uye kunyange dzomumaguta nemhirizhonga. Kazhinji mamiriro ezvinhu aya kutungamirira mhirizhonga. Naizvozvo, kuvapo muchinda, vaigona kuita mugoveri pakati rinopikisa kumapati, sezvo zvainge zvakakosha kuti vanhu nerunyararo. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, chisarudzo akaiswa yakafanira kusvika nekuyanana pakati dissenting nhengo dzomumaguta vomunharaunda.

Kukosha Chamber

Oga simba muchinda rakanga kukosha kuti guta, kana akasvika rutsigiro rwemauto. Kana totaura yokudzora Ratiu, hapana aigona hazvichazovipo maonero - nayo aizoparadza hondo. Naizvozvo, panyaya iyi, muchinda mumwe nomumwe aiva nesimba pano kwaikosha chaizvo kuchengetedza utsvene simba.

Kana chimwe Old Russian Hurumende yakanga rakakamurwa anoverengeka ukuru, machinda duku vakatanga kutambura kunetseka ukama zvose nehondo uye dzomumaguta vomunharaunda. Muenzaniso chete Novgorod, apo muna 1136 akadzingwa Vsevolod. Veche mhosva woumbwende uye kutiza muhondo panguva kurwa Yuriya Dolgorukogo. The kunetsana kwakatungamirira kuti simba yomuchinda muguta rakanga zvachose pasi kudzorwa vakakwirira uye vanhu Assembly.

A akitekicha yakafanana enyika yaiva pedyo muPskov. Hapana anofambisa haana nhaka zita kubva baba mwanakomana, uye akasarudzwa vanhu. Saka muPskov ari XIII remakore musimba akaratidza Dovmont - Lithuanian-akaberekerwa vagari uyo yakawana Kuzivikanwa ushingi hwake uye kuvimbika.