Chii chinonzi amber? Amber density

Amber is resin yekare yakange ichinyadziswa. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti zera remakore rakapfuura makore emamiriyoni makumi mana. Ichi ndicho chinyorwa chezvisikwa chakawana hukuru pasi pesimba rezvakatipoteredza uye chakashandurwa kuva dombo rakanaka rakajeka. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvemamber, mineral mass uye zvimwe zvinhu zvichakurukurwa munyaya yacho.

Kazhinji zviitiko zvemuviri

Amber inotaura nezvemaminerari ega ega asina kuumba makristasi. Icho chemikemikari inonzi C10H16O, iyo yakagadzirwa ine succinic acid muyero we3-8%. Mune dombo rakabviswa kubva pasi, kune zvikamu zvezvipembenene nemiti, iyo inonyanya kukosha mumhizha yezvishongo.

Iyo mineral ine zvinhu zvinotevera:

• Uoma uhwu huri pakati pe 2-2,5-3.
• Kusarura pachena kwakakwana, kupakati, kusava nekunzwisisa.
• Shenya - segirasi.
• Kupararira uye pleochroism hazviitiki.
• Luminescence - kubva ku-bluish-white kusvika ku-greenish-yellow.
• Inogona kushandiswa magetsi pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu.

Amber inoputika mune mamwe hydrocarbons pasi pemakemikari anoita zvinhu.

Mafomu emaminera mumasikirwo

Muzvisikwa, mazamu emangwana anouya mune maitiro ekuumbwa kwehupi hupi munzvimbo dzakadaro:

• Pamusoro pechigunzo mushure mekuyerera kwezvinyorwa zvehuni,
• Pasi pemuti wehuni, mumakomba nemamwe matanda.

Denga rinoputika rinowanikwa nenzira yezvipfeko uye zvinokonzerwa ne inclusions uye kuiswa kwematavi, bark, uye trunk yemuti.

Kusanganiswa kwema intramundal kune zvipfeko zvinokonzera mazamu mashoma.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu epanyama, iyo mineral yakafukidzwa nerima. Kubwinya kwaro kunobva 1 kusvika 4 mm. Nekusagadziriswa kushandiswa, dombo rinowanzowana ruvara runonakidza. Nzvimbo yakawanda yehupenyu inochengetedza mineral kwemakore.

Secondary maitiro e-resinous precipitates, ayo akaumbwa mumvura yegungwa nemvura, mumagetsi uye geological conditions, maduku mumasikirwo akadai kupfuura mumasimboti.

Nhamba yezvikamu zvitsvuku zvinowanikwa zvinogona kubva kune makirogiramu akawanda kusvika kune gumi kilograms kana kupfuura.

Iyo yakakura kupfuura yose iri muLondon Museum of History, iyo yakawanda yakaita 15 kg 250 magamu.

Kuwedzera

Vashandi uye vanoda minerals vanowanzofarira mubvunzo wehuwandu hwemamber. Iyi pfuma inofanira kufungwa nezvayo.

Mineral amber, iyo yakawanda yakaenzana ne 0,97-1,10, inofananidzwa nechimiro ichi nemvura yegungwa. Izvozvo, mvura yegungwa ine simba rakafanana. Nokudaro, mugungwa ibwe rinofamba richikwira kumusoro, uye mumvura matsva - zvisinei. Ndokusaka mineral isiri yakasimba uye isingabviswa kwemamiriyoni emakore emakore.

Mugungwa, zvidimbu zveamber zvinotenderera zvakanyanya pamusoro. Kusina kuchinja amber, kuwanda kwacho kuri muhupamhi kubva pa1 kusvika ku18.18 g / cm³. Inoyerwa nekuyera mumvura yakaoma. Munharaunda yeLviv ndeyemare, huwandu hwahwo hukuru. Ndiyo 1.14. Mu Precarpathian uye Primorye, kuwanda kwemaamber zvakanyanya kudarika. Nyanzvi dzayo dzinotarisa mukati me 1.04-1.1 g / cm ³ .

Chii chinonzi huwandu hwemamber mumakopi akachinjwa? Iyi parameter mumaminerari ane weathered yakareba zvikuru. Iro 1.08 g / cm³. Nenguva yakaoma mumhepo yakanyorova yekutengesa, uwandu huri 116 g / cm3. Iyo yakakwirira zvikuru yeamber mu g / cm3 mienzaniso yakazara inowanikwa inowanikwa mumatombo kubva kuCarcarpathia, iri 1.15-1.22.

Izvi zvinoenderana nei? Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuwanda kwebwe kunonyatsoenderana nekuvapo kwezvisina kuchena mauri. Inogona kuva iron, nitrogen, sulfur, aluminium. Mune matombo ane kusvibiswa kwesimbi, hukuru hwakakura hweamber hunogadziriswa, mu kg kg / m3 inonzi 1220. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe mamiriro akasiyana kudzvinyirirwa kunoonekwa. Kana nyanzvi dzave dzakayera, chii chakawandisa painber muzvinhu zvakashata zveLvov, mamiriro ekudzoka akaiswa. Kubva pane izvi, masayendisiti akasvika pakugumisa kuti huwandu hwemaminerari hunotsanangurwa nekuumbwa kwedhini kubva pane dombo rakagadzirwa.

Nokudaro, kuwanda kwehuwandu hweamber ndeye 1100 kg / m3, iyo inokosha iyo inogamuchirwa ne physicists uye chemist in kuverenga kwavo.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvenyama

Mwenje murazvo unogona kusungunusa mineral, uye pa 250-300 degrees Celsius kuvira kwahwo kunotanga. Kana kupisa, ibwe rinotanga kupisa, rinopisa uye rinotora kunhuhwira kwekafa. Ndicho chikonzero ichi chokuti mineral chaiye inoratidzika kubva kune imwe yepamweya.

MuMiddle Ages, mineral property yakashandiswa kubudisa zvinoshamisa zvinonhuwira zvinopisa kana kupisa uye kuputika makamuri.

Kubva pamafuta emamber, acid uye rosin zvinowanikwa.

Kukwanisa kwemaminerini kuve magetsi nekuda kwekukakavadzana kunozivikanwa, mushure mokunge zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanaka zvinokwezva. Imba yacho yakatanga kuwanikwa nemudzidzi wekare wechiGiriki Thales Miletus. Pave paya, mushure mekunge vaona maruva emucheka webhuruu munguva yekubvarura amber pamvere dzemakwai, mineral yainzi ye electron.

Dombo rine rakanyanyisa kuvhara magetsi.

Deposits

Dhaka huru yakawanda inonzi Palmberen munharaunda yeKaliningrad. Pano muvhu pane zvakawanda zvakachengetwa zvicherwa. Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti 90 muzana yematombo epasi rose, iro rinopfuura makore emamiriyoni makumi mashanu, rinonyanya kuitika munzvimbo ino.

Kunze kwePalmnikensky, mune dzimwe nzvimbo mbiri dzemazamu mumharaunda yeKaliningrad: Primorsky neBeaches. Kubudiswa kwemaminerari kunogadzirwa nehutori hwekugadzira, kuburikidza nekuputsa uye kusvitsa zvivako zvevhu kuburikidza nemvura jets.

Paavhareji, pane 500-600 magamu emaminerari pamubhiti rimwe nerimwe mamita epasi, asi pane nzvimbo dzine 4.5 kg / m³. Kugadzirwa kwegore negore kwemaminerari ndiko 300-350 matani.

Zvidhori zviduku zvinowanikwa muU.SA, Canada, Mexico, Romania, Germany, Dominican Republic, Ukraine.

Mhando

Muzvisikwa, pane nhamba yakakura yemarudzi akasiyana eiyo ibwe rinoshamisa, nhamba yavo inopfuura 200. Inowanzoitika:

1. Succinite ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yezvipenyu zvose. Iine rine guru guru re succinic acid. Muvara we succinite wakachena, wakachena, orange, tsvuku.
2. Gleessite ibwe rakasvibiswa risina kujeka.
3. Gedanite - tsvuku yemaminari isina succinic acid muhutano hwayo, yakawedzera brittleness pamusana pehuwandu hukuru hwe okisijeni.
4. Stentenite ichinhu chakafukidzira chine mavara machena uye ane brittleness.
5. Bokkerite inoratidzika-yakaoma yakaoma mineral.
6. Kissellit - yellow or olive amber.
7. Shraufite ibvuku kana tsvuku-tsvuku.
8. Bhuku rebhuruu ndiro rarest inowanika muDominican Republic. Iyo yakasimba kwazvo, inobvumira munzvimbo ine rima. Bhuruu inopenya iyi mineral yakagamuchirwa nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo inopisa.
9. Green amber zvakare muenzaniso weDominican deposit. Uyu ruvara rwemaminerari rwakabuda nekuda kwekuiswa kwemalahle.

Colors uye pachena

Ikopa pevara yeamber isinganzwisisiki-yakakura kubva kune nyanga dzenzou kusvika kune yakasviba. Kunyange imwechete yemaminerari inogona kusanganisa dhigirii yakasiyana yekusvinura. Matombo ezvinyorwa zvakasiyana zvekusajeka zvakakamurwa kuva:

• Cloudy;
• Translucent;
• Bone;
• Foamy.

Nezvose zvakasiyana-siyana, amber inonyanya kushambidzika kwehuni uye uchi hues. Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, ruvara rwebhuruu runogadziriswa - kubva pachiedza kuenda kune zvisikwa zvebhuruu kusvika kuhuyuuyu ruvara rwebhuruu.

Chii chinogadzirisa mutengo wemaminerari?

Mutengo wemaminerari unobva paukuru hwechidimbu uye ruvara rwawo.

Kwenguva yakareba mavara akachena emamber aionekwa seanokosha zvikuru. Nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti mumasikirwo akadaro pane zviduku zvakanyanya, uye kuporesa zvinhu ndizvo zvakanyanya kunaka.

ChiChinese neJapane vanokoshesa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekristori, iyo inonzi "ropa rejoka." Mabwe akadaro aiva evanhu vemhuri inotonga.

Mambo weRoma Nero akasarudza mhando yakasviba.

MuSicily vanowana mavara akajeka emucheka wakaoma.

Nzvimbo dzinodhura zvikuru dzinofungidzirwa kuva nyika imwechete, pamwe nemaminerari ane inclusions yezvipembenene zvezvipembenene, mhuka, nezvimwewo. Amber inozivikanwa, mukati maro mune bhiridhi. Kopi yakadaro ine kukosha kwemazana makumi ezviuru zvemadhora. Asi mienzaniso yakadaro haisi nyore.

Muzvakaitika kare, mbiru tsvuku yakabvunzwa, gare gare vakatanga kusarudza goridhe.

Munyika dzokumabvazuva, marudzi machena emaminerari, ayo akapiwa simba rine simba rekuporesa, aifungidzirwa kunyanya kukosha.

Munguva yedu, maminara echitsvuku ane ruvara rweunifomu inonzi inofanirwa.

Kuporesa dzimba

Kubvira panguva yekare, dombo rakapiwa mishonga. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa ne-constituent succinic acid, iyo inonzi biostimulator.

Iyo mineral yakashandiswa kune zvirwere zvakadaro:

• Hora;
• Thyroid gland;
• Inzwi rekutenda;
• Kurwiswa kweAsthmatic;
• Arthritis.

Mazuva ano minerals inoshandiswa zvakare:

• Kugumisa marwadzo mumusoro;
• Kuporesa kwehuro;
• Pain mu joints;
• Kuvandudza metabolism;
• Kurera utachiona;
• Normalization yemukumbo;
• Kugadziriswa kwekuvhiringidza maitiro.

Iko kune maonero ayo amber anobata chero tumarara.

Mune mishonga isiri yemazuva ano, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa, dombo redu rakawedzerwa pamishonga.

Vanoporesa vanodavira kuti mineral inobatsira chaizvo mumuviri womunhu uye inogona kubatsira pane chirwere chipi zvacho.

Kushanda

Mineral inoshandiswa kushandiswa kugadzira zvishongo. Succinic acid inowanikwa mune mamwe mazano ezvokurapa, uye inoshandiswawo mumashandiro ezvekurima kusimudzira muchero wezvibereko. Makemikari anoshandisa amber pakugadzirwa kweeamels uye paintini. Amber lacquer akavhara zvidimbu zvefesheni, magetsi wiring, makani ezvokudya zvekudya. Kuva nekuchengetedza kwakanaka, maitiro anobata sechidziviriri mune zvekambani.