Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation

Muna 1944, yeChicago Convention yakagamuchirwa - gwaro rakagadzira mitemo inokosha yebasa renyika dzese. Idzi-vatori vechibvumirano chechibvumirano vakaedza kuchengeta maitiro ehufambiro evhutera pamusoro penharaunda dzavo. Izvi zvakakurudzira kukurukura nekubatsirwa kwema ndege. Iyo nyanzvi inoenderera mberi ichive iyo nheyo yemhepo yose yekufambisa kwemhepo kwemakumi emakore akawanda.

General mazano

Muchikamu chekutanga, Chicago Convention yakaratidza uchangamire hwenyika imwe neimwe pamusoro pemhepo. Tsamba yacho inoshandiswa chete kune ndege yehurumende . Havana kusanganisira tsika, mapurisa uye ndege dzehondo. Vakatakurwa kuenda kune ndege ndege.

Nheyo yehuchangamire inotaura kuti hapana ndege inogona kubhururuka pamusoro penharaunda yeimwe nyika kunze kwemvumo yayo. Izvo zvinoenderana nekudyara. Zvose zvese zvakabatana neChicago Convention ya1944 zvakavimbisa kuti vaizocherechedza kuchengeteka kwekufamba munzvimbo dzavo.

Hurumende dzakabvumirana nemutemo wekusashandisa kwezvombo zvinopesana nematare edzimhosva. Zvichida nhasi zvinonzwika kunyange zvisingazivikanwi, asi muna 1944 muEurope hondo yakanga ichiri kuenderera mberi, uye panguva iyoyo urongwa hwakadaro hwakanga husingarevi. Nyika dzakapika kuti dzisaisa pangozi upenyu hwevatasvi venguva dzose dzekutyaira.

The Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation akapa States kodzero yekukumbira kubhururuka kwechikwata, kana icho chikazoita ndege isina kubvumirwa kana kushandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvisati zvataurwa musangano pachako. Maererano nechibvumirano, hurumende imwe neimwe, nechinangwa chekunyevera, inoparidzira mitemo yayo yekubvisa ndege. Aya maitiro haafaniri kuputsa mutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Vakatanga kuiswa mumitemo yenyika. The Chicago Convention yakarondedzera zvikamu zvemitemo iyi. Nokudarika kwavo, zvirango zvakakomba zvakabvumidzwa pasi pemutemo wemunharaunda. Kushandisa nemaune ndege dzehurumende nokuda kwezvinopesana negungano zvakarambidzwa.

Zvibvumirano Zvisina Kurambidzwa

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Chicago Chibvumirano chakaratidza kodzero dzezvikepe zvisina kukodzera. Vanotaura nezveshuva dzisingabatanidzi nemaitiro epasi pose emhepo. Nyika dzinopinda gungano racho dzakavimbisa kupa ndege kune dzimwe nyika iyo kodzero, kunze kwekuti ivo (iyo inotaura) inogona, kana zvichidiwa, inoda kubhururuka nokukurumidza.

Urongwa uhwu hwakaita kuti hurumende dzese dzitaurirane. Mukuwedzera, yakapa zvakakosha zvikuru mukusimudzirwa kwebhizimisi yezvikepe zvisina kukodzera. Nekubatsirwa kwavo, mitoro yakawanda uye mail zvakatanga kutakurwa. Mufambi wevatasvi vanowanzosiyirwa sechikamu chemafirimu anogara aripo.

IChicago Convention ye1944 yakabvumira kusikwa kwekuregererwa kwese. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine kodzero yekugadzirisa chikamu chakadaro chekudenga. Kubvumidzwa kunogona kuonekwa nekuda kwechikonzero chehondo kana chiremera chechiremera chekuita kuti vanhu vagone kuchengeteka. Nechiyero ichi, ndege dzaive dzisingabatanidzwi pahutano. Nzvimbo dzisina kubvumirwa dzinofanira kuva nemiganhu inonzwisisika, iyo isingagoni kusimbisa zvipingamupinyi zvekufamba kwemhepo kune dzimwe ndege.

Hurumende imwe neimwe yakachengetedza kodzero, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu asinganzwisisiki, kubvisa zvachose ndege pamusoro penharaunda yayo. The Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation inotaura kuti munyaya iyi kubvumirwa kunofanira kushandiswa kumidziyo yenyika chero ipi zvayo, pasinei nemamiriro avo emutemo.

Tsika uye kurwisa zvirwere

Nokubvumirana, nyika imwe neimwe inotarisirwa kuti iparidze pamusoro pemitambo yadzo. Maererano neChicago gungano re1944, ivo vanodikanwa pakuuya kwezvikwata zveimwe nyika zvinopedzisa zvinodiwa zvekugara. Mumapurisa akadai, tsika dzinoongorora uye dzimwe nzira dzekutonga dzinoitwa. Mashoko pamusoro pavo anobudiswa uye anoparidzirwa kune International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), yakasikwa mushure mekusayina kwekokorodzano imwe chete.

Ndege yakabatsira nyika kuva pasi rose. Nhasi, mumaawa mashomanana chete, unogona kuita nzira yako pamusoro penyika yose. Zvisinei, kufambisa nekuwedzera kwehukama hakusi nemigumisiro yakanaka chete. Kufamba kwevanhu kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwePasi kusvikira kune umwe kwava chikonzero chekupararira kwezvirwere zvinopfuura kamwechete. Zvirwere zvakawanda, zvinoratidzika kune imwe nzvimbo yenyika, zvinorayira zvekukura zvakanyanya, kuuraya nzvimbo yakasiyana zvakakwana. Ndicho chikonzero, maererano neChicago Convention ye1944, nyika dzakasayina dzikavimbisa kudzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere nemhepo. Hurukuro inonyanya kukosha korera, typhus, chibhokisi, denda, yellow fever, nezvimwewo.

Airports uye ndege

Zvose zviteshi zvepaguru zvepaguru enyika inosayina inofanira kunge yakazarura kwete midziyo yavo chete, asiwo kumidziyo yeimwe nyika. Mamiriro evanhu vose vanotora mhepo yemigwagwa inosimbiswa yakaenzana uye yunifomu. The Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation inowedzera iyi nhungamiro kune chero ndege, kusanganisira iyo inoshandiswa kuitira chinangwa chemeteorological uye redhiyo.

Chibvumirano chinotaurawo mafungiro enyika kune mari yekushandisa kwezvikwata zvavo. Mitero yakadaro inowanzoitwa. Nekubatana kwayo uye generalization, mhirizhonga yenyika yose yakagamuchira mitemo yakawanda inokosha yekuunganidza mari iyi. Somuenzaniso, mari yezvikepe zvekune imwe nyika haifaniri kudarika mitero ye "midziyo" yemidziyo. Uyezve, simba rose rine kodzero yekuongorora ndege dzekunze. Checks haafaniri kuitwa nekunonoka kunononoka.

Imwe International Chicago Civil Aviation Convention ya1944 yakatsanangura chirevo chokuti ndege inogona kunge ine "nyika" chete. Kunyorwa kwaro kunofanira kuva kune imwe nyika, kwete maviri panguva. Munyaya iyi, nhengo inogona kuchinjwa. Somuenzaniso, ndege inogona kuva chiMexico kubva kuMexico, asi haikwanise kuva maCanada neMexico. Kunyorwa kwemudziyo kunopesana maererano nemitemo yakagamuchirwa munyika yayo yekare.

Ndege inobatanidzwa mumitambo yenyika dzomunyika dzakawanda inogamuchira zviratidzo zvenyika. Zvose zviri pamusoro pezvikepe zvavo nyika inofanira kupa kune imwe nyika kana ichikumbira. Iyi dheta inorongedzerwa ne International International Aviation Organization.

Kufambisa mitemo

Nzvimbo yeChicago inonzi yakabvumwa muna 1944 yose ndiyo inotora mitemo nemitemo pasi apo inyika yepasi rose inotakura mabhizimisi inogara. Imwe yemitemo iyi ndeyokusimudzirwa kwenyika kuti iwedzere kushanda kwemhepo.

Nzira inobudirira munyaya iyi ndeyekuita nyore kujekesa mitemo isingakoshi. Pasina ivo zviri nyore kutakura varwi, vatasviki nemitoro, iyo inofamba kufamba kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe inokosha zvikuru. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune kutamira kune dzimwe tsika. Vamwe vanoti vanopinda zvibvumirano pamunhu mumwe nomumwe uye vavakidzani vavo, zvichiita kuti kuve nekufambisa kukurukurirana kwemhepo pakati penyika idzi.

IChicago Convention ye1944 yakagadzira nheyo iyo mafuta, mafuta, zvipfeko uye zvigadzirwa zve ndege dzenyika dzisingakwanisi kubhadhara. Mitero yakadaro inoshandiswa chete kuzvinhu zvakasunurwa pasi.

Air Crash Investigation

Imwe nyaya yakasiyana, iyo Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation ya1944 inotaura, ndiyo yekuguma kwezvikwata zvakabatwa muipi yendege. Kana mudziyo weimwe nyika uchinetseka nenjodzi mumhepo yeimwe, ipapo nyika mbiri idzi dzinofanirwa kutungamirira kuponesa nekutsvaga mabasa maererano nemitemo yekubatsirana.

Kune tsika yekugadzira mapurisa emarudzi akawanda anotora kuongorora kwezvinhu zvinokonzera kukanganisa kwemhepo. Nyika iyo ndege yakawira yakanyoreswa ine kodzero yekuisa vatariri ikoko. Nyika iyo njodzi yakaitika, inofanira kutumira muridzi we ndege yacho mushumo wakazara pamusoro pekutsvakurudza, uyewo kuguma kwayo kwekupedzisira. Mitemo iyi inobvumirana neRussia, sezvo Russian Federation isangano reChicago Convention. Somugumisiro wekubatana kwenyika munyika mukutsvakurudza kwezviitiko zvepamakumbo, zvinokwanisika kuti zvibudirire chiitiko chikuru chinogoneka.

Zvose zvese zvakasayina Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation zvakatanga kuunza uye kushandisa uye yakashandisa zvakanyanya zvakagadziriswa zvine chokuita nekufamba kwemhepo. Uyezve, nyika dzinobatanidzwa pamwe chete mukuvandudzirwa kwezvirongwa zvinowanzoonekwa uye mapepu. Maitiro akaenzana ekugadzirwa kwavo ave akagamuchirwa kwekubatana.

Mutemo

Mushure mokutuma, ndege dzose dzinogadzirirwa zvakagadzirirwa zvinyorwa. Ichi ndicho chidziro chekunyora, chikwata chebhodhi, chidziro chekufamba kwema ndege, mvumo yekushandisa iri-rebhodhi redhiyo, zvizivo zvemitoro, nezvimwewo.

Mapepa mazhinji anoda kubvumidzwa pakarepo vasati vatiza. Semuenzaniso, mvumo inofanirwa kushandiswa kwemasheni eredhiyo inopiwa nenyika iyo rwendo ruchauya ruchamhanya pamusoro penharaunda. Shandisa nzira iyi inogona kungoita vashandi chete vane ruzivo rwakakwana nokuda kweizvi.

Zvisungo zvakasiyana pamutoro zvine chokuita nezvinhu zvehondo uye zvombo zvehondo. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinongotungamirirwa zvakakwana nemvumo yehurumende, iyo ndege iyo ndege inofamba. Kushandiswa kwezvipfeko zvepikicha pabhodhi kunotungamirirwa zvakare.

Mitemo inowanikwa yevose vemunyika dzakawanda inobata zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvikepe, kunze kweavo vakatoverengwa. Aya ndiwo nzvimbo yekucherechedza, nzvimbo dzekufamba kwemhepo uye nzvimbo dzekuendesa ndege, mitemo yekuenda kune dzimwe nyika, kupiwa kwekufanirwa kune vashandi vekugadzira uye vanoenda kune dzimwe ndege, nezvimwewo. Mitemo yakasiyana inogamuchirwa yekuchengetedza mabhokisi, kugadzira mapati uye mapepa, kupinda kune dzimwe nyika uye tsika.

Kana hurumende inoramba kutevera mitemo inowirirana kune vose, inofanira kuzivisa nokukurumidza chisarudzo chayo kune International Civil Aviation Organization. Izvo zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu apo nyika inotora shanduko imwechete yegungano. Kuzivisa pamusoro pekusada kuchinja mitemo inofanirwa mukati memazuva 60.

ICAO

Chikamu 43 cheChicago Convention pamusoro peZimbabwe Civil Aviation chakatsanangura zita uye chimiro cheSouth Civil Aviation Organization. Masangano ayo makuru aive Council uye Assembly. Sangano rakadanwa kuti riite kuti hurumende yose yekufambisa ndege iwedzere uye yakarongeka. Chimwe chinangwa chakakonzerwa kuti chive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwenyika dzose.

Kubvira (kubvira muna 1944), ICAO yakaramba ichitsigira kuumbwa nekushanda kwemafambisi ane rugare. Yakabatsira kukura kwezvikwata zvemhepo, nzira dzemhepo uye dzimwe nzira dzinodiwa pakukura kwebhizimusi. Mumakumi mashomanana mashomanana, nekuda kwekuedza kwakawanda, nyika dzakasaina gungano racho dzakagadziriswa nekugadzirwa kwenyika yepasi pose inotambira ndege inoramba ichitsvaga kudiwa kwenyika inogara iripo nguva dzose, ine mari uye yakachengeteka kutaurirana kwekutaura.

Gungano rinosangana kanenge kamwe kamwe pamakore matatu. Anosarudza sachigaro, anotsvaga mishumo yeDare, anoita zvisarudzo panyaya dzinotaurwa nezvayo neDare. Gungano rinosarudza bhajeti yegore negore. Zvose zvinosarudzwa zvinoitwa pamutemo wekuvhota.

Dare rinotarisirwa kuGungano. Inosanganisira vamiririri makumi matatu nemaviri enyika. Gungano rinosarudza makore ose matatu. Iyo Council inonyanya kusanganisira nyika iyo inotungamirira basa rinotungamira mune sangano remakambani emakambani ekufambisa ndege. Uyewo kuumbwa kwemuviri uyu kunotsanangurirwa maererano nemutemo wekumiririra wezvikamu zvose zvenyika. Semuenzaniso, kana masimba enyika yakagadzwa yeAfrica apera, zvino mumiririri ane kodzero yeimwe nyika yeAfrica anosvika panzvimbo yake.

ICAO Council ine mutungamiriri wenyika. Haana kodzero yekuvhota, asi anoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka. Mutungamiri anotumira Komiti yekutakura Air, Council uye Air Navigation Commission. Kuti uite chisarudzo, sangano rinoda kuwana huwandu hwevadzidzi vayo. Nyika imwe neimwe, isingagutsikane nemigumisiro yehurukuro, inogona kukumbira mhinduro dzayo.

Chengetedzo

Chinokosha Annex 17 kusvika kuChicago Convention inopihwa kune kuchengetedzwa kwemhepo kufamba. Nyaya dzakabatana nayo dziri mukati mekukwanisa kweDare. Nzvimbo yepamusoro, Chigadziro 17 chakazvipira kune "kuchengetedzwa kwemakwikwi epasi rose kubva kumabasa ekupindira kwepamutemo." Izvino zvigadziridzo zvayo zvakagamuchirwa muna 2010, izvo zvinoratidza kukosha kwezvinetso zvine chokuita nekuchengetedza ndege.

Maererano neChitsauko 17, hurumende imwe neimwe inotarisira kudzivirira kutakura mabhomba, zvombo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinopisa upenyu uye zvinyorwa kune ndege dzehurumende. Nechinangwa chekuchengeteka, kuwanika kune nzvimbo dzakagadzirwa zvezvikwata zvezvikwata zvinotungamirirwa. Zviratidzo zvirongwa zvemotokari nevanhu zvinogadzirwa. Iko kuongorora kwebhuku rega rega yevatasvi vanoitwa. Kuongorora kwekufamba kwemotokari uye vanhu kune ndege kunongororwa.

Hurumende imwe neimwe inofanira kuda kuti ndege dzisingaiti kuti vanhu vasingazivi mujeri. Zvinotakurawo zvinotarisa zvinhu, uye kunyanya zvakakanganwa uye zvinhu zvinoshungurudza. Kubvira panguva yekuongorora, kuchengetedzwa kwevatasvi vasiri kupindira kusina kubvumirwa kana kutaurirana nemutoro wavo kunofanira kuiswa. Kunyanya mupfungwa iyi, kufamba kwezvikepe kunokosha.

Kana chiitiko chisina kujairika chakaitika kune ndege inobhururuka (somuenzaniso, bhodhi rakabatwa nemagandanga), nyika iyo iyo mudziyo ndeye inosungirwa kuudza zvakaitika kune avo vane hurumende vane kodzero dzevaya nyika vane nzvimbo iyo ndege yakatorwa inogona kuva. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa: kutakura kwemhepo kwakagadzirwa nenzira yakadai iyo vanofambisa ndege vanogona kuchengetedza ivo pachavo mumatare avo. Vanoshanyira ndege vanofanira kugamuchira nzira ichavabatsira kudzidzisa vashandi vendiza pamusoro pebasa rinofungidzirwa muimba yevatakuri.

Nyika dzakasayira Chicago Convention dzinodiwa kuchengetedza aerodromes uye zvikwata zvepamhepo zvakadai kuti dzakagadzirirwa zvinhu zvinokurumidza uye zvinoshamisa. Kugadzirira kwokutanga kunokosha kuti kuderedze kukuvara. Moto-kudzivirira, zvekurapa-wakachena uye zvekukurumidzira zvinoshanda zvinofanira kushanda pasina kushungurudzika.

Mutemo uri munharaunda yezvikwata zvepamitambo inowanikwa nemapurisa uye nhandare yekuchengetedza ndege. Basa ravo rose rakavakwa nenzira yakadai kuti kana zviitiko zvekukurumidzira kutungamirirwa kwekutakura kwekutakura kune mukana wekukurumidza uye nekubudirira kuronga zviito zvezvibvumirano zvakasiyana. Zvakakosha kugara uchivandudza midziyo inoshandiswa kuongorora. Nhasi zvinodiwa zvinofanirwa kusangana nemagwaro: zvose makadhi ekuzivikanwa uye mafamboni ekufambisa.

Zvimwe Zvikamu

Kuti ichinje ndege, nyika imwe neimwe inogona kugadzirisa nzira chaiyo iyo inofanirwa kubhururuka mukati memhepo. Izvo zvinoshandawo kune hofisi yenhandare.

Kana zvivako zvehurumende zvichange zvisisipo, ipapo Dare rinofanira kutarisana nehurumende pachayo, pamwe chete nevavakidzani varo. Kukurukurirana kwakadaro kunogona kuitwa muitiko iyo inoguma kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemeteorological and radio services. Kazhinji, iyo Council iri kutsvaga nzira dzekuwana mari inodiwa yekuvandudza ruzivo. Uyu mubvunzo unokosha zvikuru, sezvo nyika, isina hanya nezvenharaunda dzaro dzepamhepo uye teknolojia, haigadziri dambudziko rayo chete, asiwo kune dzimwe nyika. Dare rinogona kupa nyika inoshayiwa nezvivako zvitsva, kubatsira nevashandi, nezvimwewo.

Zvinofadza Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation pamusoro 1944 haasi gwaro rokutanga kwakadaro. Mushure Kusayiniranwa ichi, rakachengetedzwa Unoshorwa zvose zvayo dzakawanda vamutangira. Dzakadaro Paris Convention nokuda Regulation pamusoro Air Navigation muna 1919 uye Havana Convention kubva 1928, wezvokutengeserana avhiyesheni. Chicago wakawedzera gwaro uye nani munzvimbo dzavo.

By nokusaina Chibvumirano, States hauna kupinda vamwe yechitatu-party zvibvumirano, zvimwe vachipikisa naye. Kana sungiro akadaro achipfeka private vendege, hurumende nyika yake vanofanira kuzadzisa kugumiswa yavo. Panguva iyoyo akabvumira zvibvumirano kuti murege nezvinotaurwa Convention.

Settlement munyaya

Kana dzimwe nyika havabvumirani takarirana dudziro nyaya yacho Convention, vanogona kushandisa kuti Board. Mumuviri uyu nharo achapiwa zvakaongororwa nevamiririri dzimwe nyika havasi kufarira. Patasvika inoshandawo pokushandisa Chicago Convention. ICAO akagadza kwegadziriro kutsauswa, kubatsira kuwana kungoreva rinobatsira mhinduro, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru zviri pamutemo. State kusagutsikana pamwe Mutongo Board achava nekodzero mukati memazuva 60 kudare kudare kuyananisa (eg Permanent Court of International Orthodox).

ICAO anogona kumanikidza zvirango pamusoro private vendege, vakaramba kutevera sarudzo dzesangano. Kana Council ari kutora danho iri, ipapo States vose rambidza akakutadzira kambani overfly nharaunda yavo. Other zvirango vanotarisirwa vasingadi kusangana vavo vaite nehurumende. Ndicho kuturika ayo kodzero dzokuvhota muna Council uye Assembly.

Sezvo nemasaini 1944 gwaro tichitarisa unyanzvi mberi uye vamwe kuchinja zvakasikwa vaisagona nguva dzose kuramba zvakafanana asi unoenderana mazuva ano zviri yaitonga, ICAO akatanga muitiro kugamuchira pokushandisa Chicago Convention. Nokuti avo mvumo zvinoda vaviri pavatatu mavhoti ari Council of sangano.

Pachavo chagamuchirwa mu Chicago mapepa epakutanga uye mafomu inochengetwa US hurumende yamabhuku. Chibvumirano achasara yakazarukira chero UN nhengo inoti achida kubatana. Tichingotarisa, kana munhu State risingabatanidzwi United Nations, zviri vakabviswa ICAO.

Of ICAO anogona "ndokupfura panze" avo dzakagamuchirwa vanoramba kugamuchira yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita itsva ayo anokosha gwaro - the Convention (kunyange zvayo wokugamuchirwa uye harudikanwi zvose mavhoti ari Council, asi chete-muzvitatu maviri). Chisarudzo kubvisa zviri wokurera ari Assembly. Panguva iyoyowo, mumwe mamiriro anekodzero unilaterally rokushora Convention. Kuti aite izvi, anofanira kuzivisa sarudzo kwake ICAO.