Chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati: nzvimbo, utariri, maguta makuru

Chernigov (kana chernihiv-Seversky) kwavabati aiva mumwe anokosha anoti, iyo yakavapo pakutanga zvakajairika vaiva Rurik. Hugota kunoramba yakakura maguta akawanda, nekuti pakupedzisira ikawira vega kupinda fiefdoms zvidiki. Muzana XIV remakore Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania yaisanganisira pakati akaisa nyika chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati.

The dzinongoitika ezvinhu uye nharaunda hugota

Nzvimbo huru pamusoro weutungamiriri yaiva mudziyo wokushambidzira pakati Desna uye Sejm, zvakaendeswa rokumabvazuva kumahombekombe Dnieper. C. Don vatengesi vakakakatira kusvika Diet dzayo vasawira chingamu, uye pairi - iri Dnepr. Zviri pamusoro kutengeserana munzizi idzi uye vachishandisa simba ravo chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati. The basa vakawanda dzaiva dzokufananidzira kuti nechepakati Russia nyika panguva. Chikamu chikuru kurimwa munyika, kutema nokupiswa yomudondo.

Kwemakumi emakore, chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati yaisanganisira munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Nokuti vakawanda nhoroondo yaro muna West, zvakanga aihuitira kunyika Chernigov, kumabvazuva chinenge chakasimba zvaisanganisira kunyangwe Moore. Kukosha guta rake pashure Chernigov dzakawanda nyaya vakaramba Novgorod-Seversky, mu okupedzisira emakore ari yakazvimirira nezvokuvapo muzinda wehurumende ichi chaiva Bryansk.

Kwavabati anova yakazvimirira

Kokutanga chernihiv akava musimboti yoga weutungamiriri pashure hondo hardwood muna 1024. Ndiwo rokupedzisira uye guru hondo pakati pavanakomana St. Vladimir. Muhondo Mstislav vachiva akakunda Yaroslav Vladimirovich (akazova Kuchenjera), asi haana kuramba kurwa uye aida kutora omurume kugovera nyika. Mstislav nhaka huru guta hwevakarurama kwakaratidza Chernigov. Asi chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati haana kuwana mukutarisana chishamiso ichi zita romusere rokuti Prince Bvisa muvambi imba youmambo - mwanakomana wake chete Eustace akafa vasati baba vake chaivo havana kusiya venhaka. Saka kana muna 1036 Mstislav akafa kuvhima, pfuma yake vaiva pasi pesimba Yaroslav.

Yaroslav Mudry, sezvazvakanyorwa anozivikanwa, asati afa akaparadzanisa mamiriro ake pakati pavanakomana vake. Chernihiv akamuka Svyatoslav. Zvino yakava yakazvimirira ramangwana chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati. Machinda chigaro chake vakadanwa Olegovichy akamiririra mwanakomana wake Svyatoslav Oleg.

Kurwisana venhaka Yaroslava Mudrogo of weutungamiriri

Yaroslav Mudry ikazopiwa vatatu vanakomana vake kuti vararame munyika. vanakomana ava (Izyaslav, Vsevolod uye Svyatoslav) uye paiva anenge 20 makore - ndivo chikamu Union, iyo yava kunzi Triumvirate Yaroslavichy.

Asi muna 1073, pamwe chete rutsigiro Vsevolod, Svyatoslav akadzinga Izyaslav uye vakava Grand Duke, vakabatana pasi pokutonga kwake Kyiv uye chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati. Pashure pemakore matatu, Svyatoslav akafa nokuti akaedza remuSamoa kubvisa bundu. Ipapo Vsevolod kuwiriraniswa Izyaslav vakadzoka vachibva kuPoland, akamupa chigaro Kiev uye mubayiro naye chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati.

hama wokuti redistribution munyika akudzivisa vanakomana Svyatoslav pamusoro Chernigov. Vanoenda pamwe ichi. Hondo inokosha Panguva iyi yaiva hondo iri Nezhatina Field. Panguva ino, Vsevolod vakundwa, chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati akasiya kwaari (uyewo Kiev, nekuti Izyaslav vakafa mapfumo muvengi).

Kutambura Oleg Svyatoslavich: mhiri kwemakungwa

Sezvo ini ataurwa pamusoro apa, pakupedzisira akaita Chernigov-Seversk muchinda akaenda chaiyo nokuda Oleg Svyatoslavich. Asi nzira nhaka yababa vake kwazvo zvisiri nyore.

Pashure pokukundwa iri Hondo Nezhatina Nive Olegu uye Roman kutiza nhaka rechipiri - Tmutarakan. Asi nokukurumidza yeRoma aurayiwa atengeswa nevatsigiri vake, Cumans, Khazars uye Oleg vakabata uye kune Constantinople.

Hazvizivikanwi kuti urongwa vaiva Byzantine mambo pamusoro muzukuru Yaroslava Mudrogo, ivo achinja zvikuru chero zvazvingava pashure kumukira yakakurumbira Varangian Guard, izvo panguva iyoyo zvakanga vakaberekerwa yeRussian nyika.

Zvematongerwo enyika chakaita pane chiitiko ichi haana: chete varwi, ari chidhakwa ezvinhu, akarwisa Imperial yokurara. Speech akatadza, vadzidzi vakanga nokukangwanwira asi akaparadzaniswa guru, uye Varangian Guard kubvira panguva iyoyo yaiva pakati Anglo-Saxons, akanga atiza kubva kuEngland mushure nyika aizokundwa William Mukundi. No ruzivo pamusoro Oleg muchirongwa pakupandukira, asiwo wakatumwa - pachitsuwa Rhodes.

On nyaya Oleg Rhodes zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuvandudza. Akaroora mumiririri yomunzvimbomo mhuri yesimba Feofano Muzalon. Muna 1083 iye pachena achibatsirwa ari Byzantine yokuzviparadzanisa, anodzinga Khazars uye inova Tmutarakani kwete muchinda, kwete gavhuna Byzantine.

Kutambura Oleg Svyatoslavich: dzokera chernihiv

Muna 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich akafa uye Polovtsy vakarwisa Russian nyika, kusanganisira chernihiv-Seversky kweutongi Jehovha, nenzvimbo nzvimbo chose kubvumira anongofamba vanhu steppes kweGungwa Dema kusvika nayo. It vakatsigira Cumans Oleg Svyatoslavich atsigire nhaka yababa vake. Muchirwisa muArabhu akaita akakurumbira mwanakomana Vsevolod Vladimir Monomah.

Gore rakatevera raiva Svyatoslavich chernihiv. Akava dzakabatanidzwa kwaari uye mamwe maguta hugota, akaenda kungofamba musi Moore, Rostov uye Suzdal, asi vakakundwa vanakomana Vladimira Monomaha Mstislav uye Vyacheslav uye Polovtsian (uyo zvino aita kudivi Vladimir).

Hwokugadza okupedzisira runyararo pakati machinda Russian, muna 1097 vaipinda yakakurumbira Congress muna Lubicz. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Akachengetedza katsika kuti disintegration Mutsvene Vladimir nhaka nhaka. Asi nyaya ino, zvakakosha kuti chernihiv-Seversky kweutongi, pasinei pokukundwa Oleg, Prince akatamira chokupedzisira ichi.

Novgorod Severskij vakaparadzana kweutongi

Chaiyo kusabatana - nguva dzose hondo pakati machinda. Vanenge vose vakatsvaka kuti vawedzere Holdings dzavo, uye vazhinji - kutora chigaro muKiev. Vachishingaira muhondo idzi uye chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati. Geographical nzvimbo (napedyo kuna Kiev uye kudzora chikamu Dnieper) kwayo kwaitsigirwa. Nekuti yakawanda hugota zvakaparadzwa zvakare.

kwavabati Large Zvaparara kupinda fiefs zvidiki. Novgorod-Seversky akava musimboti yoga weutungamiriri zvakawanda kugadzirisa reCongress machinda vari Liubech muna 1097, asi nguva refu akanga mubati mugari wenhaka pachigaro muna Chernigov. Muna 1164, pashure pokufa Svyatoslava Olgovicha, chibvumirano yave akagumisa pakati mwanakomana wake, Oleg, uye mukuru mukuru vanun'una Oleg - Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Sezvazvakanyorwamo, kutanga ndakaenda Chernigov, uye wechipiri - Novgorod-Seversky. Saka, mumaguta aya vakatanga kutonga yakazvimirira hwedzinza.

Zvishoma nezvishoma akaramba kusabatana uye ukuru izvi kupinda fiefdoms zvidiki.

Batu kuti kubvuta

Zvaparara kupinda duku fiefdoms kwavabati vasingagoni kukunda wechiTatar-Mongol mauto inotungamirwa Batu Khan (mu Russian tsika Batu). Pane tsanangudzo dzakawanda kuti ichi, mumwe mukuru - guta harina vakabatana chiso nevakawanda muvengi. Chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati - munhu kutarisana chisimbiso.

Yakava chinangwa yomuvengi chikuru wavanozvisunga muna 1239, asi vakanga vakundwa rokutanga nhaka yake asi muzvirevo 1238-m. Mushure wokutanga ichivhuvhuta, Prince Mihail Chernigovsky haana kugadzirira kuti vadzivise pfungwa kuvhunduka. makore mashoma shure akatizira Hungary, akaenda Horde uye akafira yokuramba kuita tsika dzechihedheni (somusande somusande kutenda), asi muhondo yokurwisa wechiTatar-Mongol kumboiswa akasunungurwa.

Defense chernihiv vakananga kare vachishuva kune kwomuchinda choushe muguta Mstislav Glebovich. Asi pasina rutsigiro akaramba chernihiv vamwe weutungamiriri uye vakakundwa, Mstislav akamhanya muHungary zvakare.

Chernihiv-Seversky weutungamiriri akazivikanwa uye kudzivirira rimwe nemisha yaro - Kozelsk. Muchinda Mitemo guta mucheche (akanga 12), asi rakanga rakavakwa haripindiki. Kozelsk raiva pachikomo pakati maviri nzizi (Zhizdra uye Drugusnoy) pamwe poromoka mabhanga. Mupomerwi rwakatora 7 mavhiki (kutsunga kudzivirira chete Kiev simba). Sezvineiwo, Kozelsk kundorwa oga: huru mauto chernihiv-Seversky kweutongi, muna 1238, achiri zvikurukuru kuzivana nechisimba, haana vamuyamura.

Pasi Tatar-Mongol joko

Nguva pfupi pashure pokukundwa nyika Russian ari wechiTatar-Mongol umambo vakarambana. Batu Khan akanga kuitika mukurwisa zvizvarwa Genghis Khan mumwe nomumwe. Somugumisiro, akava mubati mumwe zvimedu masimba ake - the Golden Horde (izvo akateerera uye nyika Russian).

Pasi pokutonga Golden Horde vatongi vasina vakarasikirwa simba ravo, asi ivo vaiva nekodzero ngaadarowo, nokuti iyo vakakwira Horde kuwana anonzi yokudimbudzira. Kenya akanga kunobatsira kutarisira nyika maoko Russian pachavo Russian.

Chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati utariri yakavakwa pamusoro ichocho. Asi payo haachatauri. Zvino, machinda makuru ose Chernigov akatanga kutonga kubva Bryansk. Zviri ndoda kubva Chernigov uye Novgorod-Seversky aitambura nechisimba.

Olegovichy kuti havagoni aronge kwokudzivirira weutungamiriri akarasikirwa rokuti. Nokufamba kwenguva akawana machinda Smolensk.

Mune Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania

Muna 1357 akakunda Bryansk Grand Duke pamusoro Lithuania Algirdas. vamwe nhaka chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati Nokukurumidza vakava rutivi Grand Duchy pakati Lithuania. Kuchitaura mashoko mashomanana pamusoro Algirdas vane kuitwa chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati akabva pasimba wechiTatar-Mongol.

Algirdas akanga asiri mwanakomana mukuru yapfuura Grand Duke pamusoro Lithuania Gedemin, asi 4 Makore pashure pokufa kwababa vake, iye chakatsigirwa mukoma wake Keistut paakasvika simba repamusoro. Pavanakomana ayo dzakakurumbira - Jagiello. Saka, zvakanga zvizvarwa Algirdas vaiva Jagiellonians - youmambo, rakatonga munyika dzakawanda Eastern uye Central Europe.

Apo Algirdas uye Kęstutis yawana simba guru iri Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania, ivo taigovana masimba. Keystut mubasa kudzivirira kumadokero miganhu, muvengi yayo huru vaiva Dzorudzidziso. Algirdas akatora yokumabvazuva vatorwa negwaro. mupikisi Ainyanya aiva Zolotaya Orda uye runotsamira ehurumende yake (rimwe raiva panguva Muscovy). Algirdas akabudirira. Akakunda Tartars muna 1362 muhondo zvikuru panguva Blue Waters uye yakatora kuna Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania akawanda ekare nhaka Rurik. Akava muridzi guru uye wokutanga Russian hwedzinza - Kiev.

Mune Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania kwenguva refu akaramba kuzvionera, saka zviri chernihiv-Seversky kweutongi, nekuti magadzirirwo yakaramba akazvimiririra, izvozvo chete yakatarwa gavhuna Vilna. Wokupedzisira akadaro aiva Prince Roman Mikhailovich, uyo aizotonga Smolensk, apo muna 1401 akaurayiwa vakatsamwa vagari veguta. Muzana XV remakore, nhaka yaimbova chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati vakarasika kwayo rusununguko.

afterword

Pakati rinoti iro akaputsa kamwe rakabatana mamiriro Rurik, inokosha zvikuru yaiva chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati. Hunhu nyaya yake Ndiwo vazhinji pachinhu vaimbova nezvinhu Yaroslava Mudrogo, asi ane mapeji aro rakajeka dzinonakidza.

It vakamira kunze, Zvaparara kupinda fiefdoms, asingagoni kuzokudzivisa kuti nechisimba eMongolia, uye ivo vakateerera, uye gare gare Grand Duchy pakati Lithuania. Muna 1569, nyika yake zvaiendeswa umambo wePolish.

Nomugove, chernihiv-Seversky kwavabati chakaitika kuberekwa zhinji nesimba pamusoro Grand Duchy pakati Lithuania uye wePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The kupfuura nomukurumbira vavo - Machinda Novosilsky.